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Oral Histology > L10 > Flashcards

L10 Flashcards

1
Q

A. Bone Structure and Composition

A

Cortical (compact) bone
Trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone

Periosteum
Endosteum
Neurovascular supply
Marrow space

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2
Q

The Haversion System (Secondary Osteon):

Main Functional Unit of Cortical Bone

A

The wall: concentric lamellae
The central canal: Haversian canal, nerve and blood supply
Main cell component: Osteocytes
Separation between osteons: Interstitial lamellae
Connection between osteons: Volkmann’s canals

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3
Q

Osteons, Lamellae and Lacunae/Canaliculi

A

Primary osteon
Secondary osteon

Concentric lamellae Circumferential lamellae Interstitial lamellae

Lacunae
Canaliculi

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4
Q

Bone Matrix

A

Inorganic matrix: mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite

Organic matrix: mainly collagen I

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5
Q

Bone Cells 2 lineages

A

Mesenchymal lineage

Hematopoietic lineage

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6
Q
  1. Mesenchyme Stem Cells (MSC)
A

Also referred as colony-forming fibroblast (CFU-F), or marrow stromal cells

Potential to differentiate into multiple cell types

Morphological features: small cell body, few cell processes

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7
Q

Confirmation of MSC Identity

A

Ability of osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation

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8
Q

Our findings are consistent with reports from many others and support that

A

local delivery of MSCs can enhance bone regeneration.

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9
Q

MSCs info

A
  1. Derived from pigs
  2. Have been used in human surgeries to stop bleeding
  3. Recently have been used in a few in-vivo animal studies and showed promising results in carrying cells for bone regeneration
  4. Commercially available and sterile
  5. Easy to fit into a mandibular distraction site and fast biodegradable
  6. Our preliminary experiments have shown good cell integration and infiltration with this material and all procedures can be handled in strictly sterile environment
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10
Q

A Commonly Held Mechanism:

A

Empower local bone regeneration by providing a large source of MSCs, hence boosting or bypassing the slow MSC recruitment process

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11
Q
  1. Osteoblasts: Bone-forming Cells
A

Basic characteristics:

- Located on bone surface 
- Generally cuboidal shape
- Mononucleated
- HE staining: basophilic cytoplasm (large quantity of   rough endoplasmic reticulum)
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12
Q

Major Functions of Osteoblasts

A

1.Synhesize and secret extracellular matrix

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13
Q

Collagen related proteins:

A

Collagen type I, III, V

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14
Q

Glycoproteins:

A

Alkaline phosphatase

Osteonectin

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15
Q

Glycoaminoglycan-containing proteins:

A 
Aggrecan
       Versican
       Decorin 
       Biglycan
       Hyaluran
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16
Q

(MEPE):

A

Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein

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17
Q

RGD-containing glycoproteins:

A

Thrombospondins
Fibronectin,
Vitronectin
Fibrillin 1 and 2

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18
Q

Small insulin-binding N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING):

A

Osteopontin

Bone sialoproteins

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19
Q

gamma-Carboxy glutamic acid-containing proteins:

A

Matrix Gla protein

Osteocalcin

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20
Q
  1. Regulate matrix mineralization
A

Inside the vesicles, calcium and phosphorous can reach high concentrations without being saturated.

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21
Q

TNAP:

A

Tissue non-specific alkaline

phosphatase

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22
Q

NPP1:

A

Nucleotide pyrophosphatase

phosphodiesterase

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23
Q

NTP:

A

Nucleoside triphosphates

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24
Q

ANK:

A

Ankylosis protein

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25
BSP:
Bone sialoprotein
26
3. Regulate Osteoclasts through Molecular Interactions
The OPG/RANKL/RANK system: RANKL: stimulate osteoclast differentiation and maturation OPG: bind to RANKL and indirectly inhibit osteoclast differentiation
27
3. Osteocytes:
Bone-maintaining Cells
28
Osteocyte Basic characteristics
- Derived from osteoblasts when buried in the matrix - Located in laculae inside the matrix - Most abundant cell type in bone - Mononucleated - Multiple dendritic processes
29
Main Functions of Osteocytes
Regulate osteoblasts & osteoclasts through cell processes - Maintain bone vitality and function - Sense mechanical loading
30
After sensing loading, osteocytes regulate bone formation/resorption mainly through the
sclerostin-OPG/RNAKL system
31
Sclerostin (SOST) is only expressed in
osteocytes, not in any other bone cells
32
4. Osteoclasts: Bone-resorption Cells
Basic characteristics - Largest of all bone cell types - Often located on bone surface (Howship’s lacunae) - Multinucleated - Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cytoplasm
33
Characteristics of osteoclasts
Abundant mitochondria - Vesicles: acid phosphatase - Sealing zone: attachment and sealing - Ruffled border: pump H+ (for demineralization), release enzymes (for organic matrix degradation)
34
Main Functions of Osteoclasts
Demineralize bone - Degrade organic matrix - Endocytosis of degraded products
35
5. Bone Lining Cells: Inactive Osteoblasts (?)
Basic characteristics - Flattened spindle shape - Located on bone surface - Ovoid mono-nucleus - Few organelles ``` Function - Uncertain - May be induced to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts - May be involved in smoothening osteoclast lacunae ```
36
C. Bone Modelling and Remodelling
There are two processes for bone formation: A. Endochondral ossification: form cartilage first B. Intramembranous ossification: directly from periosteum C. Sutural bone formation: a special intramembranous process through sutural matrix
37
Bone Formation Processes underlying Jaw Bone Growth Mx
intramembranous (surface and sutures)
38
Bone Formation Processes underlying Jaw Bone Growth Mn
Mn – endochondral (condyle) & intramembranous (surface)
39
Modeling:
change of overall bone size and shape; bone | formation and resorption happen at different locations
40
Remodeling:
Replacement of existing bone; bone formation and resorption at the same location but at different times
41
Secondary Osteons Are Important for
Cortical Bone Remodeling
42
Trabecular bone remodelling | starts at
bone surfaces
43
General Characteristics of Bone Remodeling
Cycle duration: formation > resorption Remodeling rate: children > adults, trabecular bone > cortical bone Osteoporosis: unbalanced formation/resorption  net bone loss Regulation: Multiple factors (gene, hormone, mechanical loading, metabolism, etc.)
44
Mesial-distal section:
Interdental septum has two layers: bundle bone and supporting bone
45
Bundle bone: Sharpey’s fiber
inserted to this layer | Other names: Alveolar bone proper, cribiform plate, lamina dura
46
Bundle bone-PDL fibers-Cementum
Cells between Sharpey’s fibers: - Fibroblasts - Mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprogenitors - vascular cells Cell on bone surfaces: - Osteoblasts - Bone lining cells
47
Embryonically, most craniofacial bones have | a different
tissue origin than long bones
48
Jaw bone mesenchyme is developed from
neural crest | (1st branchial arch) and mesoderm
49
Postnatal growth of the
alveolar process is highly correlated with tooth eruption
50
- Tooth agenesis -->
- Tooth agenesis  poor development of alveolar bone
51
Modeling takes place during alveolar bone growth
Bone formation: Vertically at crests along with tooth eruption; transversely at buccal surface and lingual bundle bone along with buccal expansion Bone resorption: Lingual surface and buccal bundle bone
52
Alveolar Bone Loss: Risk Factors
Periodontal disease - Tooth loss - Pathology - Systemic disease - Side effects of medication - Trauma, parafunction, excessive orthodontic force
53
Techniques for alveolar bone preservation or augmentation
Guided bone regeneration with bioabsorbable membranes - Bovine-derived bone graft - Mineralized human allograft - Bioactive glass material - Synthetic alloplast - Autogenous bone graft - Decoronation and submergence of roots - Immediate implants - Orthodontic tooth movement - Distraction osteogenesis - Stem cell assisted treatment
54
Alveolar Bone Changes In Response to Loading:
Orthodontic Tooth Movement Tooth movement ---- a modeling process of the alveolar bone
55
Due to resorption on one side, formation on the other, the
interdental septum is relocated, but not removed during tooth movement
56
PDL fiber attachment adapts to
bone modeling during orthodontic tooth movement
57
PDL Bone resorption side:
Detachment → → → → attachment reconstitution
58
Bone formation side:
Thickening of bundle bone → → → → remodeling of bundle bone from the endosteum (the opposite side of the PDL)
59
Source of osteoclasts on the resorption (compression) side:
- Normally, osteoclasts are not present in the PDL. - Upon receiving compressive force, they are recruited from the blood flow (light pressure) and/or the bone marrow of the adjacent alveolar process (heavy pressure)
60
Heavy pressure
occludes blood vessels
61
In response to heavy pressure, osteoclasts were recruited from
bone marrow, the opposite side of the PDL undermining resorption
62
Source of osteoblasts on the formation (tension) side:
Possible sources of osteoblasts: Osteoblasts already present at the bone surface  MSCs in the PDL MSCs in the bone marrow Bone lining cells

Oral Histology (14 decks)

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