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Oral Histology > L10 > Flashcards

L10 Flashcards

1
Q

A. Bone Structure and Composition

A

Cortical (compact) bone
Trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone

Periosteum
Endosteum
Neurovascular supply
Marrow space

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2
Q

The Haversion System (Secondary Osteon):

Main Functional Unit of Cortical Bone

A

The wall: concentric lamellae
The central canal: Haversian canal, nerve and blood supply
Main cell component: Osteocytes
Separation between osteons: Interstitial lamellae
Connection between osteons: Volkmann’s canals

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3
Q

Osteons, Lamellae and Lacunae/Canaliculi

A

Primary osteon
Secondary osteon

Concentric lamellae Circumferential lamellae Interstitial lamellae

Lacunae
Canaliculi

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4
Q

Bone Matrix

A

Inorganic matrix: mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite

Organic matrix: mainly collagen I

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5
Q

Bone Cells 2 lineages

A

Mesenchymal lineage

Hematopoietic lineage

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6
Q
  1. Mesenchyme Stem Cells (MSC)
A

Also referred as colony-forming fibroblast (CFU-F), or marrow stromal cells

Potential to differentiate into multiple cell types

Morphological features: small cell body, few cell processes

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7
Q

Confirmation of MSC Identity

A

Ability of osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation

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8
Q

Our findings are consistent with reports from many others and support that

A

local delivery of MSCs can enhance bone regeneration.

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9
Q

MSCs info

A
  1. Derived from pigs
  2. Have been used in human surgeries to stop bleeding
  3. Recently have been used in a few in-vivo animal studies and showed promising results in carrying cells for bone regeneration
  4. Commercially available and sterile
  5. Easy to fit into a mandibular distraction site and fast biodegradable
  6. Our preliminary experiments have shown good cell integration and infiltration with this material and all procedures can be handled in strictly sterile environment
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10
Q

A Commonly Held Mechanism:

A

Empower local bone regeneration by providing a large source of MSCs, hence boosting or bypassing the slow MSC recruitment process

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11
Q
  1. Osteoblasts: Bone-forming Cells
A

Basic characteristics:

- Located on bone surface 
- Generally cuboidal shape
- Mononucleated
- HE staining: basophilic cytoplasm (large quantity of   rough endoplasmic reticulum)
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12
Q

Major Functions of Osteoblasts

A

1.Synhesize and secret extracellular matrix

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13
Q

Collagen related proteins:

A

Collagen type I, III, V

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14
Q

Glycoproteins:

A

Alkaline phosphatase

Osteonectin

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15
Q

Glycoaminoglycan-containing proteins:

A 
Aggrecan
       Versican
       Decorin 
       Biglycan
       Hyaluran
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16
Q

(MEPE):

A

Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein

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17
Q

RGD-containing glycoproteins:

A

Thrombospondins
Fibronectin,
Vitronectin
Fibrillin 1 and 2

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18
Q

Small insulin-binding N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING):

A

Osteopontin

Bone sialoproteins

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19
Q

gamma-Carboxy glutamic acid-containing proteins:

A

Matrix Gla protein

Osteocalcin

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20
Q
  1. Regulate matrix mineralization
A

Inside the vesicles, calcium and phosphorous can reach high concentrations without being saturated.

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21
Q

TNAP:

A

Tissue non-specific alkaline

phosphatase

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22
Q

NPP1:

A

Nucleotide pyrophosphatase

phosphodiesterase

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23
Q

NTP:

A

Nucleoside triphosphates

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24
Q

ANK:

A

Ankylosis protein

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25
Q

BSP:

A

Bone sialoprotein

26
Q
  1. Regulate Osteoclasts through Molecular Interactions
A

The OPG/RANKL/RANK system:
RANKL: stimulate osteoclast differentiation and maturation
OPG: bind to RANKL and indirectly inhibit osteoclast differentiation

27
Q
  1. Osteocytes:
A

Bone-maintaining Cells

28
Q

Osteocyte Basic characteristics

A
  • Derived from osteoblasts when buried in the matrix
    • Located in laculae inside the matrix
    • Most abundant cell type in bone
    • Mononucleated
    • Multiple dendritic processes
29
Q

Main Functions of Osteocytes

A

Regulate osteoblasts & osteoclasts through cell processes

 - Maintain bone vitality and function
 - Sense mechanical loading
30
Q

After sensing loading, osteocytes regulate bone formation/resorption mainly through the

A

sclerostin-OPG/RNAKL system

31
Q

Sclerostin (SOST) is only expressed in

A

osteocytes, not in any other bone cells

32
Q
  1. Osteoclasts: Bone-resorption Cells
A

Basic characteristics

  - Largest of all bone cell types
  - Often located on bone surface (Howship’s lacunae)
  - Multinucleated
  - Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cytoplasm
33
Q

Characteristics of osteoclasts

A

Abundant mitochondria

- Vesicles: acid phosphatase 
- Sealing zone: attachment and sealing 
- Ruffled border: pump H+ (for demineralization), release enzymes (for organic matrix degradation)
34
Q

Main Functions of Osteoclasts

A

Demineralize bone

 - Degrade organic matrix
 - Endocytosis of degraded products
35
Q
  1. Bone Lining Cells: Inactive Osteoblasts (?)
A

Basic characteristics

- Flattened spindle shape 
- Located on bone surface 
- Ovoid mono-nucleus
- Few organelles 
Function
    - Uncertain
    - May be induced to proliferate and   differentiate into osteoblasts
    - May be involved in smoothening 
    osteoclast lacunae
36
Q

C. Bone Modelling and Remodelling

A

There are two processes for bone formation:
A. Endochondral ossification: form cartilage first
B. Intramembranous ossification: directly from periosteum
C. Sutural bone formation: a special intramembranous process through sutural matrix

37
Q

Bone Formation Processes underlying
Jaw Bone Growth

Mx

A

intramembranous (surface and sutures)

38
Q

Bone Formation Processes underlying
Jaw Bone Growth

Mn

A

Mn – endochondral (condyle) & intramembranous (surface)

39
Q

Modeling:

A

change of overall bone size and shape; bone

formation and resorption happen at different locations

40
Q

Remodeling:

A

Replacement of existing bone; bone
formation and resorption at the same location but at
different times

41
Q

Secondary Osteons Are Important for

A

Cortical Bone Remodeling

42
Q

Trabecular bone remodelling

starts at

A

bone surfaces

43
Q

General Characteristics of Bone Remodeling

A

Cycle duration: formation > resorption
Remodeling rate: children > adults, trabecular bone > cortical bone
Osteoporosis: unbalanced formation/resorption  net bone loss
Regulation: Multiple factors (gene, hormone, mechanical loading, metabolism, etc.)

44
Q

Mesial-distal section:

A

Interdental septum has two layers: bundle bone and supporting bone

45
Q

Bundle bone: Sharpey’s fiber

A

inserted to this layer

Other names: Alveolar bone proper, cribiform plate, lamina dura

46
Q

Bundle bone-PDL fibers-Cementum

A

Cells between Sharpey’s fibers:

  • Fibroblasts
  • Mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprogenitors
  • vascular cells

Cell on bone surfaces:

  • Osteoblasts
  • Bone lining cells
47
Q

Embryonically, most craniofacial bones have

a different

A

tissue origin than long bones

48
Q

Jaw bone mesenchyme is developed from

A

neural crest

(1st branchial arch) and mesoderm

49
Q

Postnatal growth of the

A

alveolar process is highly correlated with tooth eruption

50
Q
  • Tooth agenesis –>
A
  • Tooth agenesis  poor development of alveolar bone
51
Q

Modeling takes place during alveolar bone growth

A

Bone formation: Vertically at crests along with tooth eruption; transversely at buccal surface and lingual bundle bone along with buccal expansion
Bone resorption: Lingual surface and buccal bundle bone

52
Q

Alveolar Bone Loss: Risk Factors

A

Periodontal disease

 - Tooth loss
 - Pathology
 - Systemic disease
 - Side effects of medication
 - Trauma, parafunction, excessive orthodontic force
53
Q

Techniques for alveolar bone preservation or augmentation

A

Guided bone regeneration with bioabsorbable membranes

 - Bovine-derived bone graft
 - Mineralized human allograft
 - Bioactive glass material
 - Synthetic alloplast 
 - Autogenous bone graft
 - Decoronation and submergence of roots
 - Immediate implants
 - Orthodontic tooth movement
 - Distraction osteogenesis  
 - Stem cell assisted treatment
54
Q

Alveolar Bone Changes In Response to Loading:

A

Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Tooth movement —- a modeling process of the alveolar bone

55
Q

Due to resorption on one side, formation on the other, the

A

interdental septum is relocated, but not removed during tooth movement

56
Q

PDL fiber attachment adapts to

A

bone modeling during orthodontic tooth movement

57
Q

PDL Bone resorption side:

A

Detachment → → → → attachment reconstitution

58
Q

Bone formation side:

A

Thickening of bundle bone → → → → remodeling of bundle bone from the endosteum (the opposite side of the PDL)

59
Q

Source of osteoclasts on the resorption (compression) side:

A
  • Normally, osteoclasts are not present in the PDL.
  • Upon receiving compressive force, they are recruited from the blood flow (light pressure) and/or the bone marrow of the adjacent alveolar process (heavy pressure)
60
Q

Heavy pressure

A

occludes blood vessels

61
Q

In response to heavy pressure, osteoclasts were recruited from

A

bone marrow, the opposite side of the PDL undermining resorption

62
Q

Source of osteoblasts on the formation (tension) side:

A

Possible sources of osteoblasts:

Osteoblasts already present at the bone surface
 MSCs in the PDL
MSCs in the bone marrow
Bone lining cells

Oral Histology (14 decks)

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