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Immunology > L1 Overview of Immunology > Flashcards

L1 Overview of Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

list 3 chemical barriers to infection

A

lysozyme
spermine
acid pH

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2
Q

list 2 physical barriers to infection

A

skin

mucous

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3
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

functions as the “first line” of defense to invading pathogens (antigens)
composed of cells and molecules that provide
RAPID
NO MEMORY
NO SPECIFICITY (non-specific)

cell types - dendritic cells, monocytes/macro, neutrophils/granulo, eosinophils, NK cells

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4
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

mediated by lymphocytes (B and T cells) whose antigen recognizing receptors are very specific

LAG TIME with first encounter
MEMORY
SPECIFICITY!

the first encounter with antigen, cells undergo differentiation to acquire effector function and then some of those become memory cells

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5
Q

define the term tolerance

A

means you tolerate self tissue, you don’t get an immune response to own tissue

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6
Q

what is the consequence of loss of tolerance?

A

autoimmunity

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7
Q

what is the role of primary lymphoid tissue?

A

tissues that serve as developmental sites for lymphocytes

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8
Q

what are 2 examples of primary lymphoid tissue?

A

bone marrow

thymus

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9
Q

what is the role of secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

tissues that serve as activation sites

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10
Q

what are 3 examples of secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

lymph nodes
spleen
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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11
Q

define antigenicity (antigen)?

A

substance that is recognized by lymphocytes

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12
Q

define immunogenicity (immunogen)

A

molecules that induce the activation of T cells or B cells

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13
Q

if antigens is carried via lymphatics, where is the initial site of adaptive immune response?

A

lymph node

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14
Q

if antigens are blood borne, where is the initial site of adaptive immune response?

A

spleen

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15
Q

if antigens enter via mucosal tissue, where is the initial site of adaptive immune response?

A

MALT

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16
Q

what is the role of the immune system in host defense?

A

provides defense against foreign antigens

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17
Q

why is “self tolerance” essential to good health?

A

to fight off foreign pathogens

and to protect tissues of self

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18
Q

describe hematopoeisis

A

blood cells production with pluripotent stem cells

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19
Q

why is one molecule more immunogenic than the other? aka the 3 properties of antigens?

A

characterized by

  • complexity
  • higher molecular weight
  • foreignness

proteins > polysaccharides > nucleic acids > lipids

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20
Q

what is a lysozyme?

A

present in secretions, splits the cell wall of gram positive bacteria

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21
Q

what is spermine

A

in semen

prevents the growth of gram positive bacteria

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22
Q

what does the acid pH in stomach prevent?

A

colonization of bacteria

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23
Q

what are soluble molecules produced by cells of innate immunity?

A

cytokines and chemokines

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24
Q

what cells in innate immunity engulf pathogens and degrade them?

A

dendritic cells
monocytes/macrophages
neutrophils/granulocytes

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25
Q

what cells in innate immunity present pieces of pathogens to T cells?

A

dendritic cells

macrophages

26
Q

what cells in innate immunity secrete molecules that destroy pathogens?

A

eosinophils

NK cells

27
Q

what are the cell types involved in adaptive immunity?

A

CD4+ T cells
B cells
CD8+ T cells

28
Q

what systems and molecules are in innate immunity?

A

complement
cytokines
armamentrium from cells

29
Q

what molecules are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

cytokines
antibodies
armamentarium

30
Q

how does the body distinguish self from non self?

A

recognition

31
Q

where does central tolerance occur?

A

bone marrow and thymus

32
Q

where does peripheral tolerance occur?

A

outside of bone marrow and thymus…

33
Q

what is an antigenic determinant/determinants/epitope?

A

unique region of the antigen that B cell and T cells recognize

34
Q

hapten + carrier protein =?

A

epitope! covalently bonded?

35
Q

what are cells that secrete cytokines (CD4+ T cells)?

A 
Thp
Th0
Th1
Th2
Th17
36
Q

what are cells that secrete molecules that destroy pathogens?

A

mature cytotoxic cells (CTL)

37
Q

what are cells that regulate responses (CD4+ T cells)

A

n Tregs

a/i Tregs

38
Q

what is recognition?

A

distinguishing self from non self

38
Q

what is recognition?

A

distinguishing self from non self

39
Q

what is the allergy to drug metabolite?

A

haptens - acts like an epitope

39
Q

what is the allergy to drug metabolite?

A

haptens - acts like an epitope

40
Q

where was B cell maturation shown to occur in the chicken? What term was given to the human equivalent?

A

Bursa of fabricius

bursa equivalent

41
Q

what is the fundamental event in B cell development? Why?

A

expression of a unique B cell antigen receptor (antibody) on its cell surface

receptor is instrument by which B cells will recognize antigen

42
Q

what is the structure of the thymus

A

bi-lobed
each lobe is divided into lobules
each lobules has a cortex and medulla

43
Q

what is the role of the blood thymus barrier

A

prevents the passage of molecules form the blood to the thymic cortex

blood vessels of the thymic medulla don’t have a barrier

44
Q

what is the role of positive selection?

A

the cells of thymic maturation that survive the selection process

45
Q

what is the role of negative selection?

A

during thymic maturation, selection of developing T cells undergo death by neglect

46
Q

what is the role of positive selection?

A

the cells of thymic maturation that survive the selection process

47
Q

what is the different between GALT, MALT and BALT

A

GALT - gut/ GI associated…= peyers patches
MALT - mucosal associated…
BALT - bronchus associated…

48
Q

what is the role of M cells

A

where microbes enter MALT to reach the underlying lamina propria which is the site of follicles and immune cells like phagocytic cells, dendritic cells and lymphocytes!

49
Q

what is the role of follicle associated epithelium

A

region where there is no goblet cells in GALT

50
Q

what is the role of primary follicles

A

contain mature resting B cells

no germinal centers

51
Q

what is the role of secondary follicles

A

germinal centers

antigen-activated B cells

52
Q

what is the role of white pulp

A

contains the majority of lymphoid cells

53
Q

whats the difference between a chemokine and a cytokine?

A

chemokine - induce leukocyte accumulation in tissues sites of inflammation

cytokines - secreted by activated leukocytes

54
Q

what is a T dependent antigen

A

B cell activation occurs only in the presence of T cell cytokines and cognate interaction with activated T cells

55
Q

what is a T independent antigen?

A

B cells that do not require cognate interaction with T cells

56
Q

what is a monoclonal activator

A

activators of lymphocytes that activate a single clone

57
Q

what is a oligoclonal ?

A

activators of lymphocytes that activate more than 1 clone but not all

58
Q

what is polyclonal?

A

activators of lymphocytes that activate most or all clones

Immunology (12 decks)

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