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AHNNA > L1: Organisation of the head and neck > Flashcards

L1: Organisation of the head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the cranium?

A
  • neurocranium (bones of the skull that completely encase the brain and its associated structures)
  • viscerocranium (facial skeleton which is suspended beneath the neurocranium, it contains the mandible)
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2
Q

What are the connections b/w the bones that form the neurocranium called?

A

Sutures

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3
Q

Where is the scalp?

A

Extends from just above the eyebrow/above temples to the occipital region (bony protuberance at base of skull)

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4
Q

Where is the face?

A

From the eyebrows to the lower part of the chin. (however the forehead can be described as part of the face or the scalp)

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5
Q

What are the 2 divisions of muscles in the head?

A
  • muscles of facial expression

- muscles of mastication (muscles responsible for moving the mandible/jaw)

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6
Q

What is the definition of mastication?

A

Chewing

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7
Q

What are 2 key nerves of the face?

A

-facial nerve: 7th cranial nerve (supply facial expression muscles)
-trigeminal nerve: 5th cranial nerve (supply muscles of mastication)
These are both types of cranial nerves

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8
Q

What are the key blood vessels that supply the head?

A

-facial artery and vein (obliquely travel up the face)

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9
Q

Where are sphincters found?

A

Muscles that are circularly arranged around orifices of the skull. (when they contract they close off the orifice)

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10
Q

What are the two types of muscles in the muscles of facial expression?

A

-sphincters
-dilators
They attach to the bones of the skull/skin/fascia/other muscles

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11
Q

Where are dilators found?

A

Linearly arranged muscles that stretch/open the structures around an orifice

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12
Q

What is the function of muscles of mastication?

A

They act on the temporomandibular joint to open or close the jaw

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13
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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14
Q

Where is the facial nerve?

A

Comes from the brain stem inside the skull, then exits base of skull and runs through the parotid gland (superficially)
-therefore they are vulnerable to damage in facial injuries/disease and surgery of the parotid gland
Within the paroti gland it splits into 5 extracranial key terminal branches

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15
Q

What are the 5 extra-cranial branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal Branch (first branch up to temporal region of face)
Zygomatic Branch (runs along bone called zygoma)
Buccal Branch (runs along the cheek)
Marginal Mandibular Branch (runs along the margin of the mandible)
Cervical Branch (runs down into the neck)
These are all motor nerves, they have no sensory functions. They only supply the muscles.
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16
Q

Why does the eye go red if the orbicularis oculi is paralysed?

A

Because it is the sphincter muscle around the eye, and helps to keep it shut, so if it is paralysed then the eye drys out/becomes injured and becomes red.

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17
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Key sensory nerve of the face and scalp

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18
Q

What are the 3 keys branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

-opthalmic division: forehead/scalp/tip of nose/eyes (Va)
-maxillary division: central face (Vb)
-mandibular division: jaw line up to temporal area (Vc)
Carry sensory information from the dermatome of the face/scalp

19
Q

How are cranial nerves found?

A

In pairs. e.g. left trigeminal nerve & right trigeminal nerve

20
Q

What type of nerves are the opthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Only sensory

21
Q

What type of nerve is the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Both sensory and motor, as it carries motor fibres to the muscles of mastication

22
Q

What are the 3 branches of the aorta?

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk (branches into right subclavian artery which goes into right upper limb & the right common carotid artery)
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery (runs into left upper limb)
23
Q

Where are the R/L common carotid arteries found?

A

Both run up the length of the neck, to a point at whcih they terminate by splitting into two branches: internal and external carotid arteries.
They bifuracte at the 4th cervical vertebral level, just below the hyoid bone.

24
Q

Where is the internal carotid artery found?

A

They continue to run up through the rest of the neck without giving off any branches, then run through base of skull and innervate inside the neurocranium.

25
Q

Where is the external carotid artery found?

A

Gives further branches to supply the structures of the face and neck. e.g. facial artery

26
Q

What anatomical features would you find at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries?

A
  • carotid sinus

- carotid body

27
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

The upper and back part of the skull.

28
Q

What is the key vein that drains most structures of the head and neck?

A

Left internal jugular vein: runs down length of the neck joining the left subclavian vein forming a long brachiocephalic vein and drains into the superior vena cava.
Right internal jugular vein: runs down length of neck, and joins with the right subclavian vein to form a short brachiocephalic vein and then drain into the superior vena cava.

29
Q

Where does the facial artery originate from?

A

It branches from the external carotid artery, and emerges deep to mandible and swings onto the surface of the mandible and runs up in a direction towards the medial part of your eye. (similar to the facial vein but opposite direction of blood flow)

30
Q

What are the main blood vessels of the facial structures?

A

Facial vein & facial artery

31
Q

Where do the internal jugular veins lie in position to the common carotid arteries?

A

Laterally

32
Q

What 2 veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein?

A
  • internal jugular vein

- subclavian vein

33
Q

What does the ‘head’ consist of?

A
  • scalp
  • skull
  • brain and its coverings (meninges: pia mater/arachnoid/dura mater)
  • sense organs for taste, vision, olfaction (smell), hearing, balance
34
Q

Where does the neck extend?

A

From the lower margin of the mandible to the suprasternal notch of the manubruim and the upper border of the clavicle

35
Q

What are some muscles of facial expression?

A

Muscle of the scalp: occipitofrontalis
Muscles of cheek: buccinators
(most muscles of facial expression are spincters/dilators, except the buccinators)

36
Q

What is the role of the buccinators?

A

Keep the cheek taut, to help food remain in oral cavity and not pooling b/w your teeth and cheek

37
Q

What do you see if you have pathology/injury to the facial nerve?

A

Weakness of muscles of facial expression on ipsilateral (belonging to/occuring on the same side of the body) side causing face to droop
-most common non-traumatic cause is inflammation of the facial nerve (BELL’S PALSY), which causes oedema and compression of the nerve

38
Q

What triggers Bell’s palsy?

A

Virus

39
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of someone with weakness of facial muscles in association with ipsilateral parotid enlargement?

A

Parotid cancer
-cancerous cells invade and damage the facial nerve
(rare to be benign/infective/inflammatory)

40
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A
  • temporalis (clench jaw= palpable at temples)
  • masseter (clench jaw= palpable at cheek corners)
  • pterygoids:lateral and medial (not palpable)
41
Q

What are the origins/insertions of the pterygoids?

A

Origin: 2 plate like projections at base of skull (pterygoid plates)
Each is angled slightly differently and insert onto 2 separate areas of the jaw, giving them different actions

42
Q

What 1 muscle of mastication does not elevate (close) the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid assists many other muscles (suprahyoids) and gravity to depress the mandible
(all the other muscles of mastication close the mandible as it requires a forceful movement)

43
Q

What is special about the scalene muscles?

A
  • acts as accessory muscles of respiration
  • form the floor of the posterior triangle
  • trunks of brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass b/w anterior and middle scalenes
  • phrenic nerve (motor/sensory nerve that control the diaphragm) arises from C3/4/5 and descends along the surface of the anterior scalene before entering the thorax

AHNNA (25 decks)

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