L1 Neonate Flashcards
Neuromaturational Theories
-Development set, invariant
-Tightly tied to CNS
-Occurs cephalocaudal, proximal to distal
-Recent research acknowledges that there is variation in sequence and input from all systems
Cognitive Theories
thinking develops in stages of increasing complexity
organize mental schemes through mental operations
Behavioral theories
behavior is shaped by environment
assumes most behaviors learned responses
primary concepts used in applied behavior analysis
Psychoanalytical/psychosocial theories
Biologically determined drives, unconscious conflicts
initial drive for survival when basic needs met, see self-actualization
Ecological, contextual. theories
environment has a very strong influence on overall development
Dynamic Systems theories
movement emerges based on internal milieu, external environment, task
movement directed by dynamic, interacting systems
Neuronal Group Selection
Infant motor development with increased and decreased periods of variability, resultant from changes in CNS
Structure and function of neural networks created via genetic coding in infant development and environmental exposure/active movement related to behavioral experience
Prenatal
before birth
Gestation
measured in weeks, from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual cycle to the current date
Fertilization
egg fertilized by sperm to form zygote
Embryo
week 2-8 after fertilization
(beginning at week 2 accounts for the menstrual cycle)
Fetus
Developing week 9-37
Full term
equal to or greater than 37 weeks
Premature
less than 37 weeks
Neonate
infant up to 28 days after birth
Gastrulation Layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Mesodermal cells
form notochord
Ectodermal cells
overlying cells at neural place fold inward to form neural tube, joining ends form neural crest
Neural tube
becomes CNS
formed from ectoderm
Neural Crest
forms PNS, enteric nervous system, melanocytes, facial cartilage, cornea, inner ear, odontoblasts, enterochromaffin cells, spiral membrane
Remaining Ectoderm…
will form epidermis of skin, hair, exocrine glands, anterior pituitary gland
Cardiovascular Development
mesoderm
first system to develop
heart beat by week 4
Pulmonary Development
lower tract begins day 22, will form on ventral wall of primitive endoderm
lungs develop in 5 stages
5 stages of lung development
Embryonic –> 3-6 weeks
Pseudoglandular –> 5-17 weeks
Canalicular –> 16-25 weeks
Saccular –> 24 weeks to birth
Alveolar –> 36 weeks to 8 years
Gastrointestinal Development
Contains all three neuronal layers
Ectoderm–PNS, neurons to GI tract
Mesoderm–wall of gut, smooth muscle
Endoderm–epithelial lining of GI tract and GI organs
Musculoskeletal Development
Mesoderm–bone, cartilage, muscle
all bones derive from mesenchyme, which is connective tissue from mesoderm
Ovum and sperm chromosomes
each have 23 chromosomes
Environmental Influences
Access to prenatal care
Teratogens
Intrauterine Infections
Access to prenatal care
nutrition
vitamins
vaccinations
management of conditions
Teratogens
heavy metals
radiation
medications
illicit drugs
infectious agents
chronic maternal illness
Intrauterine infections
(TORCH)
Toxoplasmosis
Other
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex
The F Words of Development
Functioning
Family
Fitness
Fun
Friends
Future
APGAR Score
Developed by Virginia Apgar in 1952
Completed at 1 minute after birth to determine tolerance during birth process
Completed again at 5 minutes to determine tolerance out of womb
APGAR
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
Breathing effort
Heart rate
Muscle Tone
Reflexes
Skin Color
Breathing Effort
not breathing = 0
Respirations slow, irregular = 1
Cries well = 2
Heart Rate
No heartbeat = 0
<100 beats/min = 1
>100 beats/min = 2
Muscle Tone
muscles loose and floppy = 0
Some muscle tone = 1
Active motion = 2
Reflexes
No reaction = 0
Grimacing = 1
Grimacing and cough, sneeze or vigorous cry = 2
Skin color
pale blue = 0
body pink and extremities blue = 1
entire body pink = 2
Calculating Age with prematurity
done when born at less than 37 weeks
chronological age, based on DOB - total # months and # days
28 weeks of gestation
rooting, palmar grasp, flexor withdrawal, cross extension, galant, moro
20 weeks of gestation
Asymmetrical tonic neck
Suck/swallow
28-34 weeks of gestation
Positive support
35 weeks of gestation
Autonomic walking/reflex stepping
37 weeks of gestation
