L1 - Morphol plan of upper limb COPY Flashcards
EVOLUTION OF THE UPPER LIMB
i) what does being quadrapedal allow? (2)
ii) what two actions does bipedal allow? what action can the thumb do?
iii) name three things that required quadrapdal > bipedal
i) locomotion and climbing
ii) pronation/supination
- opposable thumb for gripping
iii) enviro change, making stone tools, carrying young
SKELETON
label diagram
- which two bones make up A?
A = pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
B = humerus
C = Radius
D = Ulna
E = interossus membrane
1 - carpal bones, 2 - metacarpals, 3 - phalanges
SCAPULA AND HUMERUS
i) what are the two necks of the humerus? which is most prone to injury?
ii) which structure is continous with the scapula spine?
iii) where on the scapula does the humerus connect?
iv) label diagram
i) anatomical neck and surgical neck (more prone to injury)
ii) acromium
iii) glenoid fossa
iv) A - acromium, B - coracoid, C - lesser tubercle, D - greater tubercle, E - intertubucular sulcus/bicipital groove, F - lateral epicondyle, G - medial epicondyle
1 - spine, 2 - deltoid tuberosity, 3 - superior angle
RADIUS AND ULNA
i) what holds the two bones together?
ii) where does the biceps insert?
iii) where does the brachialis insert?
iv) where does the brachioradialis insert?
v) label diagram
i) interossus membrane
ii) radial tuberosity
iii) ulna tuberosity
iv) styloid process of radius
v) A - olecranon, B - ulna tuberosity, C - head of radius,
D - radial tuberosity, E - interossus membrane, F - styloid process of radius, G - styloid process of ulna
JOINTS OF THE ARM
i) what is the shoulder joint aka? which two structures is it the articulation between?
ii) what type of joint is the shoulder joint? what does this allow?
iii) which six actions does the shoulder joint allow?
iv) what type of joint is the elbow?
v) which four actions does the elbow allow?
i) glenohumeral joint - articulation betweem the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humerus
ii) GH joint is ball and socket which allows lots of movement
iii) GH joint - flex/extend arm, ab/adduct arm, lat/med rotation
iv) elbow is a hinge joint
v) elow - flex/extend forearm and pro/supination
JOINTS OF THE HAND
i) what is the name of the wrist joint? what type of joint is it? whatd does this allow?
ii) give six actions of the wrist joint
iii) label diagram
iv) name two joints found in the finger? what two actions does each allow?
i) wrist = radiocarpal joint
- saddle joint which allows lots of movement
ii) wrist > extend/flex hand, ab/adduct, circumduct
iii) A - radiocarpal, B - midcarpal, C - carpometacarpal,
D - metacarpophalangeal, E - interphalangeal
iv) metacarpophalangeal (add/abduct fingers). interphalangeal (flex and extend finger)
MUSCLES THAT ATTACH UPPER LIMB TO TRUNK
i) where does pec major originate and insert? what three actions does it have?
ii) where does pec minor originate and insert? what action does it have
iii) where does serratus anterior originate and insert? what action does it have? what does this allow?
i) pectorialis major
- originates from sternum, medial clavicle and costal carts of ribs 1-6
- inserts into the lateral lip of the intertubicular sulcus
- adducts, flexes and medially rotates at the GH joint
ii) pectoralis minor
- originates from ribs 3,4,5
- inserts into the medial border and coracoid process of scap
- protracts the scapula
iii) seratus anterior
- originates from upper 8 rubs
- inserts into medial edge of scapula
- rotates scapula and holds scapula against ribcage
MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB - SHOULDER
i) where does the deltoid originate (3) and insert?
ii) what are the three compartments of the deltoid?
iii) what is the action of the deltoid? (4) which compartment does each?
iv) name two other muscle groups in the shoulder
i) originates from scapula spine, acromium and lateral clavicle
- inserts into the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
ii) anterior, middle, posterior
iii) flexion (ant), extension (post), medial rot (ant), lateral rot (post)
iv) rotator cuff muscles and teres minor
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB - ARM
i) label A-D
ii) where does A originate and insert? what is its action?
iii) where does each head of B originate from? where do both insert? what is the action?
iv) what is the origin and insertion of C? what action does it have?
v) how many heads does D have? where do all of them insert into? which two actions does it have?
i) A - coracobrachialis, B - biceps brachii, C - brachialis,
D - triceps brachii
ii) coracobrachialis
- origin from coracoid process and inserts into ant med surface of humerus
- flexion of arm at GH joint
iii) biceps
- long head from above glenoid fossa and
short from coracoid process
- both insert into radial tuberosity
- acts to flex arm at GH joint and flex forearm at elbow
iv) brachialis - origin from the ant humerus and inserts into the ulna tuberosity
v) triceps = three heads that all insert into the olecranon
- extensor of arm at GH joint and extensor of forearm at elbow
MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB - FOREARM/HAND
i) label diagram A -F
ii) which muscle is labelled 1? where does it origin and insert? whats action does it allow?
iii) what originates at A? what originates at B?
i) A - medial epicondyle, B - lateral epicondyle,
C - flexors, D - extensors, E - thenar muscles, F - hypothenar
ii) 1 = brachioradialis
- originates from humerus and inserts into the radio styloid process
- allows drinking from a cup action - flex forearm at elbow when half pronated
iii) most flexors orig at med epicondyle and most extensors orig at lat epicondyle
CURVES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
i) which two regions does most flexion/extension take place? which two regions does rotation mostly take place?
ii) what three things do the curvatures allow?
iii) what is the name of the primary curvatures? when do they form? name them (2)
iv) what is the name of the secondary curvatures? when do they form? name them (2)
i) flexion/extension - cervical and lumbar
rotation - cervical and thoracic
ii) curvatures allow bipedalism, shock absorption and flexibility
iii) primary = kyphoses
- form in fetal development = thoracic and sacral
iv) secondary = lordoses
- form in childhood = cervical and lumbar
CURVATURES
i) label A-D
ii) which clinical condition can affect kyphoses? which posture is this linked to?
iii) which clinical condition can affect lordoses? which disease is this linked to?
iv) which condition involves lateral curvature of the vertebral column?
i) A = primary, B = kyphoses
C = secondary, D = lordoses
ii) hyperkyphoses - hump back posture
iii) lumbar lordoses - linked to osteoporosis
iv) lateral curvature > scoliosis
LIGAMENTS OF THE BACK
i) give three main roles
ii) what do ligaments anterior to the body of vertebra do? what do ligaments posterior to vertebral body do?
iii) what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament? where does it run from and to?
iv) what is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
v) label A and B
vi) which ligament may be injured in whiplash? what causes this?
i) reinforce and stabilise joints and limit range of movement
ii) anterior lig - limits extension of vert column
posterior lig - limits amount of flexion
iii) anterior longitudinal lig - resists hyperextension
- runs length of column (cervical > sacrum)
iv) posterior longitud ligament - resists hyperflexion
- runs length of posterior of vert bodies (cervical > sacral)
v) A - anterior longitud B - posterior longitud
vi) whiplash > injury to anterior longitudinal ligament
- due to sudden hyperextension of the vertebral column
INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS AND DISKS
i) where do the joints sit? what two functions do they have?
ii) what type of joint are they? what are the joint surfaces seperated by?
iii) what role do intervertebral disks have? how does thickness of the disks change as you progress down the vert column
iv) what is the name of the core of the IV disk? what is its main role?
v) what surrounds the core of the IV disk? what is the role of this?
vi) how can the IV joints/disks be implicated clinically? (2)
i) joints sit between bodies of vertebrae
- weight bearing and strength
ii) secondary cartilagenous joints - joint surfs are seperated by a block of fibro cartilage (IV disk)
iii) IV disks are shock absorbers
- thickness increases as you move down the vert column
iv) core of IV disk = nucleus pulposus
- absorbs compression
v) rings surrounding the core = annulus fibrosus
- binds vertebral bodies together
vi) clin implicated - disk protrusion/hernation cana impinge on spinal nerves
IV JOINTS AND DISKS
i) label A and B
ii) which two clinical conditions related to intervert disks and joints? what do these cause?
i) A - nucleus pulposus, B - annulus fibrosus
ii) disc protrusion (lifiting heavy objects)
- nucleus puplosis hernation into IV foramen can impinge on spinal nerves
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF BACK
i) label diagram
ii) which muscle rotates the scapula?
iii) which muscle adducts, extends and medially rotates the arm?
A - trapezius
B - latissimus dorsi
C - levator scapulae
D - rhomboids
ii) trapezius
iii) lat dorsi
DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK
i) what is their role?
ii) what muscle is most superficial? where is this found
iii) which muscles are the main group?
iv) what is the deepest muscle group? which two structures does this sit against
v) label A and B
i) posture and movement of vertebral column
ii) splenius - in the neck
iii) erector spinae
iv) multifidus - sits against spinous and TV process of vertebra
v) A = multifidus
B = erector spinae
ERECTOR SPINAE
i) which three actions do they have? (3)
ii) which groove do they sit in?
iii) label A-C and where does each insert?
iv) where do all three muscles originate from?
i) extend, laterally flex and rotate the vertebral column
ii) sit in groove between spinous process and angle of the ribs
iii) A = spinales > inserts spinous processes
B = longissimus > inserts to TV processes
C = ilicostalis > inserts to ribs
iv) all muscles originate from erector spinae apneurosis
