L1: Kidney Flashcards
1
Q
- What is the function of the psoas major muscle?
- A) Extension of the spine
- B) Flexion of the thigh at the hip
- C) Lateral flexion of the spine
- D) Both B and C
A
D
2
Q
- Where does the psoas major muscle originate from?
- A) Iliac crest
- B) Transverse processes & vertebral bodies of T12 – L5
- C) Inguinal ligament
- D) 12th rib
A
B
3
Q
- What is the combined muscle formed by the iliopsoas?
- A) Psoas minor
- B) Quadratus lumborum
- C) Iliacus
- D) Psoas major
A
C + D
4
Q
- Which nerve emerges from the lateral border of the psoas major and courses posterior to it?
- A) Subcostal nerve
- B) Iliohypogastric nerve
- C) Sympathetic chain
- D) Ilioinguinal nerve
A
B
5
Q
- What is the function of the diaphragm?
- A) Flexion of the thigh
- B) Extension of the spine
- C) Breathing (inspiration and expiration)
- D) Lateral flexion of the spine
A
C
6
Q
- Which nerve runs throughout the length of the psoas muscle and innervates the cremaster muscle?
- A) Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
- B) Genitofemoral nerve
- C) Femoral nerve
- D) Iliohypogastric nerve
A
B
7
Q
- What does the femoral nerve pass through to reach the anterior aspect of the thigh?
- A) Inguinal ligament triangle
- B) Lesser trochanter
- C) Quadratus lumborum
- D) Crus of diaphragm
A
A
8
Q
- Which arteries are branches of the abdominal aorta?
- A) Renal arteries
- B) Coronary arteries
- C) Pulmonary arteries
- D) Carotid arteries
A
A
9
Q
- What structures receive branches from the abdominal aorta?
- A) Liver, stomach, and spleen
- B) Kidneys, gonadal arteries, and gastrointestinal system
- C) Lungs and heart
- D) Brain and spinal cord
A
B
10
Q
- Where does the urinary bladder store urine until it is passed out?
- A) In the pelvic cavity
- B) In the abdominal cavity
- C) In the inguinal ligament
- D) In the lumbar region
A
A
11
Q
- What muscle is responsible for extension and lateral flexion of the spine and originates from the iliac crest?
- A) Psoas major
- B) Iliacus
- C) Quadratus lumborum
- D) Diaphragm
A
C
12
Q
- Which nerve has little contribution from T12 and emerges from the lateral border of the psoas major?
- A) Subcostal nerve
- B) Iliohypogastric nerve
- C) Sympathetic chain
- D) Ilioinguinal nerve
A
B
13
Q
- What is the primary function of the sympathetic chain in the posterior abdominal wall?
- A) Flexion of the spine
- B) Innervation of the diaphragm
- C) Regulation of visceral functions
- D) Lateral flexion of the spine
A
C
14
Q
- The genitofemoral nerve innervates which muscles in males and females?
- A) Cremaster muscle in males and labia majora in females
- B) Quadratus lumborum in males and females
- C) Psoas major in males and females
- D) Iliacus in males and females
A
A
15
Q
- Which nerve runs along the lateral border of the psoas muscle and has branches extending to the L2-3 region?
- A) Subcostal nerve
- B) Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
- C) Femoral nerve
- D) Iliohypogastric nerve
A
B
16
Q
- What is the main function of the lumbosacral trunk?
- A) Flexion of the thigh at the hip
- B) Joins the sacral nerves to form sacral plexus
- C) Extension of the spine
- D) Lateral flexion of the spine
A
B
17
Q
- Which vessels are in close relation to the abdominal aorta?
- A) Superior vena cava
- B) Inferior vena cava
- C) Pulmonary arteries
- D) Coronary arteries
A
B
18
Q
- The branches of the abdominal aorta include all of the following EXCEPT:
- A) Renal arteries
- B) Celiac trunk
- C) Superior mesenteric artery
- D) Pulmonary arteries
A
D
(Celiac trunk , mesentric arteries , gonadal arteries , renal arteries
19
Q
- Where does the urethra pass through in both males and females?
- A) Inguinal ligament
- B) Pelvic cavity and perineum
- C) Lumbar region
- D) Thoracic region
A
B
20
Q
- What does the quadratus lumborum muscle originate from?
- A) Iliac crest
- B) Transverse processes & vertebral bodies of T12 – L5
- C) Lesser trochanter
- D) 12th rib
A
A
21
Q
- What is the shape of the kidneys?
- A) Circular
- B) Triangular
- C) Ovoid
- D) Rectangular
A
C
22
Q
- Where are the kidneys located in relation to the abdominal wall?
- A) Intraperitoneally
- B) Retroperitoneally
- C) Suprapubically
- D) Infrapleurally
A
B
23
Q
- Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left?
- A) Presence of the liver
- B) Larger size
- C) Closer to the diaphragm
- D) None of the above
A
A
24
Q
- Which vertebral levels are the kidneys located at?
- A) T6 - T9
- B) T12 - L3
- C) L1 - L5
- D) S1 - S3
A
B
25
Q
- The renal hilum is the entrance to the kidneys and is related to which structures?
- A) Liver and spleen
- B) Diaphragm and psoas major
- C) Renal pelvis, calices, vessels, and nerves
- D) Lungs and heart
A
C
26
Q
- In which abdominal plane does the transpyloric plane pass through the upper pole of the right kidney?
- A) Subcostal plane
- B) Intertubercular plane
- C) Supracristal plane
- D) Transtubercular plane
A
A
27
Q
- What separates the hepatorenal pouch (Morison’s pouch) from the kidneys?
- A) Renal hilum
- B) Diaphragm
- C) Transversus abdominis
- D) Psoas major
A
B
28
Q
- What is the main factor responsible for maintaining the position of the kidneys?
- A) Renal fascia
- B) Pedicles of the kidney
- C) Muscles tone
- D) Renal vessels
A
C (C = mainly / then A)
29
Q
- Which nerve descends diagonally across the posterior surface of the kidney?
- A) Subcostal nerve
- B) Iliohypogastric nerve
- C) Ilio-inguinal nerve
- D) Sympathetic chain
A
C + A + B
30
Q
- In lean adults, which kidney pole is palpable by bimanual examination during inspiration?
- A) Superior pole of the right kidney
- B) Inferior pole of the right kidney
- C) Superior pole of the left kidney
- D) Inferior pole of the left kidney
A
B (L Kidney is not palpable unless its enlarged/displaced)
31
Q
- Which part of the kidney is related to the costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleural cavities?
- A) Renal hilum
- B) Medial margin
- C) Renal pelvis
- D) Anterior surface
A
B
32
Q
- What structures are embedded in the renal sinus?
- A) Adrenal glands
- B) Fat
- C) Renal pelvis, calices, vessels, and nerves
- D) Lymph nodes
A
C
33
Q
- Which abdominal plane passes 2.5 cm lower to the upper pole of the left kidney?
- A) Intertubercular plane
- B) Subcostal plane
- C) Supracristal plane
- D) Transtubercular plane
A
B
34
Q
- What is the primary function of the renal fascia and fat surrounding the kidneys?
- A) To facilitate kidney movement
- B) To provide insulation
- C) To maintain the kidneys in their normal position
- D) To protect against infections
A
C
35
Q
1 5. Why is the renal vein easily collapsible?
- A) Lack of smooth muscle
- B) High blood pressure
- C) It is posterior to the renal artery
- D) Sympathetic innervation
A
A
36
Q
- Which component, if lost, could lead to the descent of the kidneys despite the vessels holding them?
- A) Muscles tone
- B) Renal fascia
- C) Renal vessels
- D) Perirenal fat
A
B
37
Q
- The hepatorenal pouch (Morison’s pouch) is formed by the reflection of what peritoneal structure?
- A) Mesentery
- B) Omentum
- C) Mesocolon
- D) Perirenal fat
A
B
38
Q
- What makes the renal hilum easily accessible for surgical procedures?
- A) Anterior location
- B) Posterior location
- C) Lateral location
- D) Medial location
A
D
39
Q
- In which condition might a normal kidney become palpable in lean adults?
- A) Hypertension
- B) Kidney stones
- C) Enlarged spleen
- D) None of the above
A
D
40
Q
- What structures separate the superior and inferior poles of the kidney?
- A) Renal fascia
- B) Renal hilum
- C) Renal sinus
- D) Renal columns
A
D
41
Q
- What is the embryological reason for the horseshoe-shaped kidney?
- A) Fusion of the abdominal vessels
- B) Mesoderm fusion in the pelvic region
- C) Descent during development
- D) Fusion of the renal pyramids
A
B
42
Q
- Nephroptosis refers to:
- A) Loss of para-renal fat
- B) Dropping of the kidneys to a lower position
- C) Fusion of the renal pelvis
- D) Enlargement of the renal sinus
A
B
43
Q
- What damage can occur in the kinking of the ureter and blood vessels in nephroptosis?
- A) Enlargement of the kidney
- B) Formation of renal cysts
- C) Normal length of the ureter
- D) Damage to the kidney
A
D
44
Q
- What is the role of the renal hilum in kidney anatomy?
- A) It contains major calyx
- B) It faces forward
- C) It is related to the hepatorenal pouch
- D) It leads to the renal sinus with vessels and nerves
A
D
45
Q
- Which layer of the coverings of the kidney is mainly posterior to the kidney?
- A) Fibrous capsule
- B) Perinephric fat
- C) Renal fascia
- D) Pararenal fat
A
D
46
Q
- How is the attachment of the renal fascia related to the path of extension of a perinephric abscess?
- A) It prevents the abscess from extending
- B) It determines the direction of abscess extension
- C) It has no effect on abscess extension
- D) It separates the abscess from the kidney
A
B
47
Q
- What structure determines the elevation known as the renal angle?
- A) Lower border of the 11th rib
- B) Lateral border of the erector spinae muscle
- C) Upper border of the iliac crest
- D) Costodiaphragmatic recess
A
B
48
Q
- Why is the incision made below the renal angle during surgery on the kidney?
- A) To avoid injuring the pleural cavity
- B) To reach the renal pelvis easily
- C) To minimize muscle injury
- D) To prevent peritoneal involvement
A
A
49
Q
- During kidney exposure from behind, what anatomical structures are encountered to avoid puncturing the pleural cavity?
- A) Iliac fossa
- B) Erector spinae muscle
- C) Posterolateral abdominal wall
- D) 12th rib
A
D
50
Q
- What is the purpose of approaching the kidney from the posterolateral abdominal wall during surgery?
- A) To involve the peritoneum
- B) To decrease the risk of peritonitis
- C) To access the liver easily
- D) To avoid the renal fascia
A
B
51
Q
- What region does renal colic pain usually shoot from?
- A) Lumbar region to the thoracic region
- B) Inguinal region to the abdominal region
- C) Loin to groin
- D) Iliac fossa to the lumbar region
A
C
52
Q
- In nephroptosis, what might happen if fat is lost and the kidneys descend despite vessels holding them?
- A) Renal failure
- B) Formation of renal cysts
- C) Obstruction of the ureters
- D) Injury to the diaphragm
A
A
53
Q
- Which layer of the coverings of the kidney sends collagen strands to the renal capsule through perirenal fat?
- A) Fibrous capsule
- B) Perinephric fat
- C) Renal fascia
- D) Pararenal fat
A
C
54
Q
- What separates the anterior and posterior layers of the renal fascia?
- A) Suprarenal glands
- B) Muscles of the abdominal wall
- C) Septum
- D) Renal hilum
A
C
55
Q
- How does perinephric abscess usually extend, considering the attachment of the renal fascia?
- A) Across the midline
- B) Into the peritoneal cavity
- C) Towards the renal pelvis
- D) iliac fossa Between anterior or posterior layers
A
D
56
Q
- What is the significance of identifying the ribs during surgical procedures involving the kidneys?
- A) To minimize muscle injury
- B) To avoid pleural injury
- C) To decrease the risk of peritonitis
- D) To access the renal hilum easily
A
B
57
Q
- Which structure is NOT encountered during exposure of the kidney from behind during surgery?
- A) Iliac fossa
- B) Erector spinae muscle
- C) Pleural cavity
- D) 12th rib
A
C
58
Q
- Why is it advised not to cut through muscles (e.g., erector spinae) during surgical procedures on the kidneys?
- A) To minimize muscle injury
- B) To avoid pleural injury
- C) To decrease the risk of peritonitis
- D) To access the liver easily
A
A
59
Q
- What does the renal papillae project into?
- A) Major calyx
- B) Renal sinus
- C) Minor calyx
- D) Renal fascia
A
C
60
Q
- In which region does the renal angle elevate between the lower border of the 12th rib and lateral border of the erector spinae muscle?
- A) Lumbar region
- B) Iliac fossa
- C) Costodiaphragmatic recess
- D) Abdominal region
A
A / D?
61
Q
- Where does the renal sinus open in the kidney?
- A) Laterally
- B) Medially
- C) Superiorly
- D) Inferiorly
A
B
62
Q
- What structures are present between the base of the pyramid and the surface of the kidney?
- A) Cortical arches
- B) Renal columns
- C) Medullary rays
- D) Renal papillae
A
A
63
Q
- What is mainly occupied by the medullary ray?
- A) Ascending vasa recta
- B) Collecting ducts (CD)
- C) Interlobar blood vessels
- D) Bowman’s capsule (BC)
A
B (duct of Bellini)
64
Q
- How many renal arteries usually enter the hilum of the kidney?
- A) One
- B) Two
- C) Three
- D) Four
A
D
65
Q
- Where does the right renal artery pass in relation to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
- A) In front of the IVC
- B) Behind the IVC
- C) Through the IVC
- D) Above the IVC
A
B
66
Q
- What is the normal number of segmental arteries each renal artery divides into?
- A) 2
- B) 3
- C) 4
- D) 5
A
D
67
Q
- What is the role of the arcuate arteries within the renal sinus?
- A) Supplying blood to the renal papillae
- B) Forming the major calyces
- C) Arching over the base of the pyramids
- D) Connecting the renal artery to the renal vein
A
C
68
Q
- How many renal pyramids does the kidney typically have?
- A) 4-8
- B) 8-18
- C) 18-24
- D) 24-32
A
B
69
Q
- What is the function of the renal papillae at the apex of the pyramids?
- A) Containing renal columns
- B) Receiving ducts of Bellini
- C) Forming renal hilum
- D) Connecting to the renal sinus
A
B
70
Q
- Where does the pelvis of the ureter emerge from?
- A) Anterior part of hilum
- B) Posterior part of hilum
- C) Inferior border of the kidney
- D) Superior border of the kidney
A
B (continues as C)
71
Q
- What is the significance of the medullary ray in the kidney?
- A) It forms the renal columns
- B) It contains major calyces
- C) It is occupied mainly by collecting ducts (CD) and the beginning of the duct of Bellini
- D) It supports renal papillae
A
C
72
Q
- Which blood vessels join interlobular veins within the renal sinus?
- A) Arcuate arteries
- B) Renal arteries
- C) Afferent arterioles
- D) Vasa recta
A
A
73
Q
- What type of capillaries form part of the kidney’s urine-concentrating mechanism?
- A) Vasa recta
- B) Arcuate capillaries
- C) Interlobular capillaries
- D) Peritubular capillaries
A
A
74
Q
- Where do the efferent arterioles arising from the glomerulus leave?
- A) Renal hilum
- B) Bowman’s capsule
- C) Renal papillae
- D) Pelvis of the ureter
A
B
75
Q
- What spinal segment innervates the sympathetic fibers to the kidneys?
- A) T10-T11
- B) T12
- C) L1
- D) L2-L3
A
A
76
Q
- Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying renal vessels drain?
- A) Para-aortic lymph nodes
- B) Inguinal lymph nodes
- C) Axillary lymph nodes
- D) Cervical lymph nodes
A
A (lateral aortic)
77
Q
- What medical term is used for kidney stones?
- A) Urethral calculus
- B) Vesicular calculus
- C) Nephritic calculus
- D) Renal calculus
A
D
78
Q
- Where can kidney stones/calculi be located?
- A) Urethra and bladder only
- B) Kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder
- C) Kidney and ureter only
- D) Bladder and urethra only
A
B
79
Q
- What might a calculus in the ureter cause?
- A) Renal failure
- B) Intermittent obstruction of urinary flow
- C) Enlargement of the renal sinus
- D) Formation of renal cysts
A
B
80
Q
- What is the potential consequence of a perinephric abscess extending across the midline?
- A) Pelvic inflammation
- B) Injury to the renal fascia
- C) Involvement of the opposite kidney
- D) Abscess rupture
A
C
