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RA > L1: Kidney > Flashcards

L1: Kidney Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the function of the psoas major muscle?
    • A) Extension of the spine
    • B) Flexion of the thigh at the hip
    • C) Lateral flexion of the spine
    • D) Both B and C
A

D

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2
Q
  1. Where does the psoas major muscle originate from?
    • A) Iliac crest
    • B) Transverse processes & vertebral bodies of T12 – L5
    • C) Inguinal ligament
    • D) 12th rib
A

B

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3
Q
  1. What is the combined muscle formed by the iliopsoas?
    • A) Psoas minor
    • B) Quadratus lumborum
    • C) Iliacus
    • D) Psoas major
A

C + D

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4
Q
  1. Which nerve emerges from the lateral border of the psoas major and courses posterior to it?
    • A) Subcostal nerve
    • B) Iliohypogastric nerve
    • C) Sympathetic chain
    • D) Ilioinguinal nerve
A

B

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5
Q
  1. What is the function of the diaphragm?
    • A) Flexion of the thigh
    • B) Extension of the spine
    • C) Breathing (inspiration and expiration)
    • D) Lateral flexion of the spine
A

C

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6
Q
  1. Which nerve runs throughout the length of the psoas muscle and innervates the cremaster muscle?
    • A) Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
    • B) Genitofemoral nerve
    • C) Femoral nerve
    • D) Iliohypogastric nerve
A

B

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7
Q
  1. What does the femoral nerve pass through to reach the anterior aspect of the thigh?
    • A) Inguinal ligament triangle
    • B) Lesser trochanter
    • C) Quadratus lumborum
    • D) Crus of diaphragm
A

A

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8
Q
  1. Which arteries are branches of the abdominal aorta?
    • A) Renal arteries
    • B) Coronary arteries
    • C) Pulmonary arteries
    • D) Carotid arteries
A

A

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9
Q
  1. What structures receive branches from the abdominal aorta?
    • A) Liver, stomach, and spleen
    • B) Kidneys, gonadal arteries, and gastrointestinal system
    • C) Lungs and heart
    • D) Brain and spinal cord
A

B

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10
Q
  1. Where does the urinary bladder store urine until it is passed out?
    - A) In the pelvic cavity
    - B) In the abdominal cavity
    - C) In the inguinal ligament
    - D) In the lumbar region
A

A

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11
Q
  1. What muscle is responsible for extension and lateral flexion of the spine and originates from the iliac crest?
    - A) Psoas major
    - B) Iliacus
    - C) Quadratus lumborum
    - D) Diaphragm
A

C

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12
Q
  1. Which nerve has little contribution from T12 and emerges from the lateral border of the psoas major?
    - A) Subcostal nerve
    - B) Iliohypogastric nerve
    - C) Sympathetic chain
    - D) Ilioinguinal nerve
A

B

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13
Q
  1. What is the primary function of the sympathetic chain in the posterior abdominal wall?
    - A) Flexion of the spine
    - B) Innervation of the diaphragm
    - C) Regulation of visceral functions
    - D) Lateral flexion of the spine
A

C

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14
Q
  1. The genitofemoral nerve innervates which muscles in males and females?
    - A) Cremaster muscle in males and labia majora in females
    - B) Quadratus lumborum in males and females
    - C) Psoas major in males and females
    - D) Iliacus in males and females
A

A

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15
Q
  1. Which nerve runs along the lateral border of the psoas muscle and has branches extending to the L2-3 region?
    - A) Subcostal nerve
    - B) Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
    - C) Femoral nerve
    - D) Iliohypogastric nerve
A

B

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16
Q
  1. What is the main function of the lumbosacral trunk?
    - A) Flexion of the thigh at the hip
    - B) Joins the sacral nerves to form sacral plexus
    - C) Extension of the spine
    - D) Lateral flexion of the spine
A

B

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17
Q
  1. Which vessels are in close relation to the abdominal aorta?
    - A) Superior vena cava
    - B) Inferior vena cava
    - C) Pulmonary arteries
    - D) Coronary arteries
A

B

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18
Q
  1. The branches of the abdominal aorta include all of the following EXCEPT:
    - A) Renal arteries
    - B) Celiac trunk
    - C) Superior mesenteric artery
    - D) Pulmonary arteries
A

D
(Celiac trunk , mesentric arteries , gonadal arteries , renal arteries

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19
Q
  1. Where does the urethra pass through in both males and females?
    - A) Inguinal ligament
    - B) Pelvic cavity and perineum
    - C) Lumbar region
    - D) Thoracic region
A

B

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20
Q
  1. What does the quadratus lumborum muscle originate from?
    - A) Iliac crest
    - B) Transverse processes & vertebral bodies of T12 – L5
    - C) Lesser trochanter
    - D) 12th rib
A

A

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21
Q
  1. What is the shape of the kidneys?
    • A) Circular
    • B) Triangular
    • C) Ovoid
    • D) Rectangular
A

C

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22
Q
  1. Where are the kidneys located in relation to the abdominal wall?
    • A) Intraperitoneally
    • B) Retroperitoneally
    • C) Suprapubically
    • D) Infrapleurally
A

B

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23
Q
  1. Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left?
    • A) Presence of the liver
    • B) Larger size
    • C) Closer to the diaphragm
    • D) None of the above
A

A

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24
Q
  1. Which vertebral levels are the kidneys located at?
    • A) T6 - T9
    • B) T12 - L3
    • C) L1 - L5
    • D) S1 - S3
A

B

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25
Q
  1. The renal hilum is the entrance to the kidneys and is related to which structures?
    • A) Liver and spleen
    • B) Diaphragm and psoas major
    • C) Renal pelvis, calices, vessels, and nerves
    • D) Lungs and heart
A

C

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26
Q
  1. In which abdominal plane does the transpyloric plane pass through the upper pole of the right kidney?
    • A) Subcostal plane
    • B) Intertubercular plane
    • C) Supracristal plane
    • D) Transtubercular plane
A

A

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27
Q
  1. What separates the hepatorenal pouch (Morison’s pouch) from the kidneys?
    • A) Renal hilum
    • B) Diaphragm
    • C) Transversus abdominis
    • D) Psoas major
A

B

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28
Q
  1. What is the main factor responsible for maintaining the position of the kidneys?
    • A) Renal fascia
    • B) Pedicles of the kidney
    • C) Muscles tone
    • D) Renal vessels
A

C (C = mainly / then A)

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29
Q
  1. Which nerve descends diagonally across the posterior surface of the kidney?
    • A) Subcostal nerve
    • B) Iliohypogastric nerve
    • C) Ilio-inguinal nerve
    • D) Sympathetic chain
A

C + A + B

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30
Q
  1. In lean adults, which kidney pole is palpable by bimanual examination during inspiration?
    - A) Superior pole of the right kidney
    - B) Inferior pole of the right kidney
    - C) Superior pole of the left kidney
    - D) Inferior pole of the left kidney
A

B (L Kidney is not palpable unless its enlarged/displaced)

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31
Q
  1. Which part of the kidney is related to the costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleural cavities?
    - A) Renal hilum
    - B) Medial margin
    - C) Renal pelvis
    - D) Anterior surface
A

B

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32
Q
  1. What structures are embedded in the renal sinus?
    - A) Adrenal glands
    - B) Fat
    - C) Renal pelvis, calices, vessels, and nerves
    - D) Lymph nodes
A

C

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33
Q
  1. Which abdominal plane passes 2.5 cm lower to the upper pole of the left kidney?
    - A) Intertubercular plane
    - B) Subcostal plane
    - C) Supracristal plane
    - D) Transtubercular plane
A

B

34
Q
  1. What is the primary function of the renal fascia and fat surrounding the kidneys?
    - A) To facilitate kidney movement
    - B) To provide insulation
    - C) To maintain the kidneys in their normal position
    - D) To protect against infections
A

C

35
Q

1 5. Why is the renal vein easily collapsible?
- A) Lack of smooth muscle
- B) High blood pressure
- C) It is posterior to the renal artery
- D) Sympathetic innervation

A

A

36
Q
  1. Which component, if lost, could lead to the descent of the kidneys despite the vessels holding them?
    - A) Muscles tone
    - B) Renal fascia
    - C) Renal vessels
    - D) Perirenal fat
A

B

37
Q
  1. The hepatorenal pouch (Morison’s pouch) is formed by the reflection of what peritoneal structure?
    - A) Mesentery
    - B) Omentum
    - C) Mesocolon
    - D) Perirenal fat
A

B

38
Q
  1. What makes the renal hilum easily accessible for surgical procedures?
    - A) Anterior location
    - B) Posterior location
    - C) Lateral location
    - D) Medial location
A

D

39
Q
  1. In which condition might a normal kidney become palpable in lean adults?
    - A) Hypertension
    - B) Kidney stones
    - C) Enlarged spleen
    - D) None of the above
A

D

40
Q
  1. What structures separate the superior and inferior poles of the kidney?
    - A) Renal fascia
    - B) Renal hilum
    - C) Renal sinus
    - D) Renal columns
A

D

41
Q
  1. What is the embryological reason for the horseshoe-shaped kidney?
    • A) Fusion of the abdominal vessels
    • B) Mesoderm fusion in the pelvic region
    • C) Descent during development
    • D) Fusion of the renal pyramids
A

B

42
Q
  1. Nephroptosis refers to:
    • A) Loss of para-renal fat
    • B) Dropping of the kidneys to a lower position
    • C) Fusion of the renal pelvis
    • D) Enlargement of the renal sinus
A

B

43
Q
  1. What damage can occur in the kinking of the ureter and blood vessels in nephroptosis?
    • A) Enlargement of the kidney
    • B) Formation of renal cysts
    • C) Normal length of the ureter
    • D) Damage to the kidney
A

D

44
Q
  1. What is the role of the renal hilum in kidney anatomy?
    • A) It contains major calyx
    • B) It faces forward
    • C) It is related to the hepatorenal pouch
    • D) It leads to the renal sinus with vessels and nerves
A

D

45
Q
  1. Which layer of the coverings of the kidney is mainly posterior to the kidney?
    • A) Fibrous capsule
    • B) Perinephric fat
    • C) Renal fascia
    • D) Pararenal fat
A

D

46
Q
  1. How is the attachment of the renal fascia related to the path of extension of a perinephric abscess?
    • A) It prevents the abscess from extending
    • B) It determines the direction of abscess extension
    • C) It has no effect on abscess extension
    • D) It separates the abscess from the kidney
A

B

47
Q
  1. What structure determines the elevation known as the renal angle?
    • A) Lower border of the 11th rib
    • B) Lateral border of the erector spinae muscle
    • C) Upper border of the iliac crest
    • D) Costodiaphragmatic recess
A

B

48
Q
  1. Why is the incision made below the renal angle during surgery on the kidney?
    • A) To avoid injuring the pleural cavity
    • B) To reach the renal pelvis easily
    • C) To minimize muscle injury
    • D) To prevent peritoneal involvement
A

A

49
Q
  1. During kidney exposure from behind, what anatomical structures are encountered to avoid puncturing the pleural cavity?
    • A) Iliac fossa
    • B) Erector spinae muscle
    • C) Posterolateral abdominal wall
    • D) 12th rib
A

D

50
Q
  1. What is the purpose of approaching the kidney from the posterolateral abdominal wall during surgery?
    • A) To involve the peritoneum
    • B) To decrease the risk of peritonitis
    • C) To access the liver easily
    • D) To avoid the renal fascia
A

B

51
Q
  1. What region does renal colic pain usually shoot from?
    • A) Lumbar region to the thoracic region
    • B) Inguinal region to the abdominal region
    • C) Loin to groin
    • D) Iliac fossa to the lumbar region
A

C

52
Q
  1. In nephroptosis, what might happen if fat is lost and the kidneys descend despite vessels holding them?
    • A) Renal failure
    • B) Formation of renal cysts
    • C) Obstruction of the ureters
    • D) Injury to the diaphragm
A

A

53
Q
  1. Which layer of the coverings of the kidney sends collagen strands to the renal capsule through perirenal fat?
    • A) Fibrous capsule
    • B) Perinephric fat
    • C) Renal fascia
    • D) Pararenal fat
A

C

54
Q
  1. What separates the anterior and posterior layers of the renal fascia?
    • A) Suprarenal glands
    • B) Muscles of the abdominal wall
    • C) Septum
    • D) Renal hilum
A

C

55
Q
  1. How does perinephric abscess usually extend, considering the attachment of the renal fascia?
    • A) Across the midline
    • B) Into the peritoneal cavity
    • C) Towards the renal pelvis
    • D) iliac fossa Between anterior or posterior layers
A

D

56
Q
  1. What is the significance of identifying the ribs during surgical procedures involving the kidneys?
    • A) To minimize muscle injury
    • B) To avoid pleural injury
    • C) To decrease the risk of peritonitis
    • D) To access the renal hilum easily
A

B

57
Q
  1. Which structure is NOT encountered during exposure of the kidney from behind during surgery?
    • A) Iliac fossa
    • B) Erector spinae muscle
    • C) Pleural cavity
    • D) 12th rib
A

C

58
Q
  1. Why is it advised not to cut through muscles (e.g., erector spinae) during surgical procedures on the kidneys?
    • A) To minimize muscle injury
    • B) To avoid pleural injury
    • C) To decrease the risk of peritonitis
    • D) To access the liver easily
A

A

59
Q
  1. What does the renal papillae project into?
    • A) Major calyx
    • B) Renal sinus
    • C) Minor calyx
    • D) Renal fascia
A

C

60
Q
  1. In which region does the renal angle elevate between the lower border of the 12th rib and lateral border of the erector spinae muscle?
    • A) Lumbar region
    • B) Iliac fossa
    • C) Costodiaphragmatic recess
    • D) Abdominal region
A

A / D?

61
Q
  1. Where does the renal sinus open in the kidney?
    • A) Laterally
    • B) Medially
    • C) Superiorly
    • D) Inferiorly
A

B

62
Q
  1. What structures are present between the base of the pyramid and the surface of the kidney?
    • A) Cortical arches
    • B) Renal columns
    • C) Medullary rays
    • D) Renal papillae
A

A

63
Q
  1. What is mainly occupied by the medullary ray?
    • A) Ascending vasa recta
    • B) Collecting ducts (CD)
    • C) Interlobar blood vessels
    • D) Bowman’s capsule (BC)
A

B (duct of Bellini)

64
Q
  1. How many renal arteries usually enter the hilum of the kidney?
    • A) One
    • B) Two
    • C) Three
    • D) Four
A

D

65
Q
  1. Where does the right renal artery pass in relation to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
    • A) In front of the IVC
    • B) Behind the IVC
    • C) Through the IVC
    • D) Above the IVC
A

B

66
Q
  1. What is the normal number of segmental arteries each renal artery divides into?
    • A) 2
    • B) 3
    • C) 4
    • D) 5
A

D

67
Q
  1. What is the role of the arcuate arteries within the renal sinus?
    • A) Supplying blood to the renal papillae
    • B) Forming the major calyces
    • C) Arching over the base of the pyramids
    • D) Connecting the renal artery to the renal vein
A

C

68
Q
  1. How many renal pyramids does the kidney typically have?
    • A) 4-8
    • B) 8-18
    • C) 18-24
    • D) 24-32
A

B

69
Q
  1. What is the function of the renal papillae at the apex of the pyramids?
    • A) Containing renal columns
    • B) Receiving ducts of Bellini
    • C) Forming renal hilum
    • D) Connecting to the renal sinus
A

B

70
Q
  1. Where does the pelvis of the ureter emerge from?
    - A) Anterior part of hilum
    - B) Posterior part of hilum
    - C) Inferior border of the kidney
    - D) Superior border of the kidney
A

B (continues as C)

71
Q
  1. What is the significance of the medullary ray in the kidney?
    - A) It forms the renal columns
    - B) It contains major calyces
    - C) It is occupied mainly by collecting ducts (CD) and the beginning of the duct of Bellini
    - D) It supports renal papillae
A

C

72
Q
  1. Which blood vessels join interlobular veins within the renal sinus?
    - A) Arcuate arteries
    - B) Renal arteries
    - C) Afferent arterioles
    - D) Vasa recta
A

A

73
Q
  1. What type of capillaries form part of the kidney’s urine-concentrating mechanism?
    - A) Vasa recta
    - B) Arcuate capillaries
    - C) Interlobular capillaries
    - D) Peritubular capillaries
A

A

74
Q
  1. Where do the efferent arterioles arising from the glomerulus leave?
    - A) Renal hilum
    - B) Bowman’s capsule
    - C) Renal papillae
    - D) Pelvis of the ureter
A

B

75
Q
  1. What spinal segment innervates the sympathetic fibers to the kidneys?
    - A) T10-T11
    - B) T12
    - C) L1
    - D) L2-L3
A

A

76
Q
  1. Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying renal vessels drain?
    - A) Para-aortic lymph nodes
    - B) Inguinal lymph nodes
    - C) Axillary lymph nodes
    - D) Cervical lymph nodes
A

A (lateral aortic)

77
Q
  1. What medical term is used for kidney stones?
    - A) Urethral calculus
    - B) Vesicular calculus
    - C) Nephritic calculus
    - D) Renal calculus
A

D

78
Q
  1. Where can kidney stones/calculi be located?
    - A) Urethra and bladder only
    - B) Kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder
    - C) Kidney and ureter only
    - D) Bladder and urethra only
A

B

79
Q
  1. What might a calculus in the ureter cause?
    - A) Renal failure
    - B) Intermittent obstruction of urinary flow
    - C) Enlargement of the renal sinus
    - D) Formation of renal cysts
A

B

80
Q
  1. What is the potential consequence of a perinephric abscess extending across the midline?
    - A) Pelvic inflammation
    - B) Injury to the renal fascia
    - C) Involvement of the opposite kidney
    - D) Abscess rupture
A

C

RA (4 decks)

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