L1 Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
Coronal movement
posterior/anteror and Dorsal (back)/ventral (tummy)
Sagittal movement
Medial/Lateral
Transverse movement
Superior/Inferior and Caudal/Cranial
Flexion/Extension
Angle of joint decreases (moves in sagittal plane)
Angle of joint increases (moves in sagittal plane)
Abduction/Adduction
Away from midline (moves in coronal plane)
Towards the midline (moves in coronal plane)
Medial Rotation
Rotation of joint towards midline
Lateral Rotation
Rotation of joint away from midline
Pronation/supernation
only in relations to arms (sup = up)
True Rib
Rib - Costal Cartilage - Sternum 1-7
False Rib
8-12
11/12 are floating
Thoracic cage description
Irregularly shaped osseocartilaginous cylinder -> convex formed by sternum, ribs and costal cartilage
Thoracic cage made out of
Vertebrae and Intervertebral disc
Ribs
Sternum
Costal Cartilages
Thoracic cage function
Protection of viscera
Muscle attachment
Relations: Pectoral girdle (Clavicle/Scapula)
Thoracic cage boundaries
Roof: Pleural membrane over apex of lungs
Floor: Diaphragm
Walls: Ribs, Sternum, Vertebrae and intercostal muscles
Superior thoracic aperture
Consists of body of vertebra TI posteriorly, medial margin of rib I on each side, manubrium anteriorly
Superior margin of manubrium is
same horizontal plane as intervertebral disc between vertebrae TII and TIII
Features of a typical vertebra
Heart-shaped vertebral body -> equal dimensions in transverse/anterior directions + long spinous process
Vertebral foramen is circular (generally) and the laminae are broad/overlap with vertebra below
- Superior articular processes are flat -> articular surfaces face almost directly posteriorly
- Inferior articular processes project from laminae -> articular facets face anteriorly
Transverse processes: club-shaped + project posterolaterally + inferior
Heart-shaped vertebral body
equal dimensions in transverse/anterior directions + long spinous process
Vertebral foramen
circular (generally) and the laminae are broad/overlap with vertebra below
Superior articular processes
flat -> articular surfaces face almost directly posteriorly
Inferior articular processes
project from laminae -> articular facets face anteriorly
Transverse process
club-shaped + project posterolaterally + inferior
Typical/Atypical ribs
3-9
1-2, 10-12
Rib head
expanded + usually with 2 articular surfaces separated by crest (smaller superior surface -> interior costal facet of vertebra body above) / (larger inferior facet -> superior costal facet of own vertebra)
Rib neck
Short, flat region of bone -> separates head/tubercle
Tubercle
projects posteriorly from junction of neck with shaft + consists of two regions:
Tubercle regions
Articular: medial and has oval facet for articulation with corresponding facet on transverse process of associated rib
Raised nonarticular is roughened by ligament attachments
Joints include
Intervertebral, costovertebral, costochondral, sternocostal and sternoclavicular
Costotransverse joint: transverse process of related vertebra and rib
Costovertebral joins
Allow neck to rotate around longitudinal axes
or ascend/descend relative to vertebral column
Head of rib articulates with costal demifacets
Costotransverse joints
Synovial joints between rib tubercle & transverse process (related vertebra)
Stabilised by 2 strong extracapsular ligaments -> spans TP/rib tubercle gap
Costotransverse ligament: medial to joint & attaches neck of rib to TP
Lateral costotransverse ligament: lateral to joint -> attaches tip of TP to roughened nonarticular part of tubercle of rib
Superior costotransverse ligament: attach superior surface of neck of rib to TP of vertebra
Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process of vertebrae.
Sternocostal joints
Upper 7 costal cartilage + sternum
Rib I and manubrium = NOT synovial -> fibrocartilaginous connection
Rib II - VII = synovial -> thin capsules reinforced by surrounding sternocostal ligaments
Intercostal spaces
Lie between adjacent ribs & filled with by intercostal muscles
Intercostal nerves + associated major arteries/veins lie in costal groove along inferior margin of superior rib & pass in the plane between inner 2 layers of muscles
In each space, veins is most superior structure -> highest in costal groove
Artery is inferior to vein -> nerve is inferior to artery and not usually protected by groove
Endothoracic fascia separates structures from underlying pleura -> contains variable amount of fat
Abduction/Adduction
Away from midline (moves in coronal plane)
Towards the midline (moves in coronal plane)
Medial Rotation
Rotation of joint towards midline
Lateral Rotation
Rotation of joint away from midline
Pronation/supernation
only in relations to arms (sup = up)
True Rib
Rib - Costal Cartilage - Sternum 1-7
False Rib
8-12
11/12 are floating
Thoracic cage description
Irregularly shaped osseocartilaginous cylinder -> convex formed by sternum, ribs and costal cartilage
Thoracic cage made out of
Vertebrae and Intervertebral disc
Ribs
Sternum
Costal Cartilages
Thoracic cage function
Protection of viscera
Muscle attachment
Relations: Pectoral girdle (Clavicle/Scapula)
Thoracic cage boundaries
Roof: Pleural membrane over apex of lungs
Floor: Diaphragm
Walls: Ribs, Sternum, Vertebrae and intercostal muscles
Superior thoracic aperture
Consists of body of vertebra TI posteriorly, medial margin of rib I on each side, manubrium anteriorly
Superior margin of manubrium is
same horizontal plane as intervertebral disc between vertebrae TII and TIII
Features of a typical vertebra
Heart-shaped vertebral body -> equal dimensions in transverse/anterior directions + long spinous process
Vertebral foramen is circular (generally) and the laminae are broad/overlap with vertebra below
- Superior articular processes are flat -> articular surfaces face almost directly posteriorly
- Inferior articular processes project from laminae -> articular facets face anteriorly
Transverse processes: club-shaped + project posterolaterally + inferior
Heart-shaped vertebral body
equal dimensions in transverse/anterior directions + long spinous process
Vertebral foramen
circular (generally) and the laminae are broad/overlap with vertebra below
Superior articular processes
flat -> articular surfaces face almost directly posteriorly
Inferior articular processes
project from laminae -> articular facets face anteriorly
Transverse process
club-shaped + project posterolaterally + inferior
Typical/Atypical ribs
3-9
1-2, 10-12
Rib head
expanded + usually with 2 articular surfaces separated by crest (smaller superior surface -> interior costal facet of vertebra body above) / (larger inferior facet -> superior costal facet of own vertebra)
Rib neck
Short, flat region of bone -> separates head/tubercle
Tubercle
projects posteriorly from junction of neck with shaft + consists of two regions:
Tubercle regions
- Articular: medial and has oval facet for articulation with corresponding facet on transverse process of associated rib
Raised nonarticular is roughened by ligament attachments
Joints include
Intervertebral, costovertebral, costochondral, sternocostal &sternoclavicular
Costotransverse joint: transverse process of related vertebra and rib
Costovertebral joins
- allow neck to rotate around longitudinal axes
or ascend/descend relative to vertebral column
Head of rib articulates with costal demifacets
Costotransverse joints
- Synovial joints between rib tubercle & transverse process (related vertebra)
Stabilised by 2 strong extracapsular ligaments -> spans TP/rib tubercle gap
Costotransverse ligament: medial to joint & attaches neck of rib to TP
Lateral costotransverse ligament: lateral to joint -> attaches tip of TP to roughened nonarticular part of tubercle of rib
Superior costotransverse ligament: attach superior surface of neck of rib to TP of vertebra
Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process of vertebrae.
Sternocostal joints
Upper 7 costal cartilage + sternum
Rib I and manubrium = NOT synovial -> fibrocartilaginous connection
Rib II - VII = synovial -> thin capsules reinforced by surrounding sternocostal ligaments
Intercostal spaces
Lie between adjacent ribs & filled with by intercostal muscles
Intercostal nerves + associated major arteries/veins lie in costal groove along inferior margin of superior rib & pass in the plane between inner 2 layers of muscles
In each space, veins is most superior structure -> highest in costal groove
Artery is inferior to vein -> nerve is inferior to artery & not usually protected by groove
Endothoracic fascia separates structures from underlying pleura -> contains variable amount of fat
Pectoral girdle
Scapula and clavicle
