L1 Functions & Compositions Of Feeds Flashcards
What is nutrient
Any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for animals
Food?
Mostly used for human
Is materials which after ingested by animal and is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilised
Feed?
Animals version of food
Foodstuff / feedstuff?
Any material made into or used as food or feed
( ingredients of feed / food)
Diet?
Mixture of feedstuff used to supply nutrients to animals
Ration?
Daily allocation of feed
食物的比例
What is feed composition?
Chemical makeup of animal feed and its physical characteristics
Important because affect the ability of animals to derive useful nutrients from feed
Feed analysis = ultimate goal is to predict the productive response of animals when they are fed rations of a given composition
What is nutrition?
Science that interprets relationships of food to the function of living organism
Includes : intake of food, liberation of energy, waste excretion, digestion, growth and reproduction
Important nutrients for livestock?
Core body functions : water, energy (carbohydrates & fats), supplements (protein, vitamin, mineral)
Types of feeds?
Roughages - high fibre content
Concentrates - energy / protein
Mixed feeds - supplements (complete balanced rations)
How to determine energy feed, protein feed and concentrate?
- Roughages with crude protein >=20% is protein feed
- Roughages with crude protein <18% is energy source
- Roughages with crude fibre >= 18% is energy feed.
- Roughages with crude fibre <18% is concentrate
Types of roughages?
- Dry roughages (90% of DM)
- Silages (20-50% of DM)
- Pastures ( high water content, 20-30% of DM)
Types of concentrate
energy & protein
Energy concentrate
corn, oats, barley and milo
-70-80% of TDN with 7-10% of protein
Mineral concentrates
salt, iodised salt, ground limestone (calcium), steamed bonemeal and dicalcium phosphate
Protein concentrate
soybean oil meal, linseed oil meal, cottonseed oil meal, peanut oil meal
-soybean & peanut oil meal > linseed and cottonseed oil meal
- if feed excessive: useless, expesive and cause digestive upset
Energy feed (corn)
Corn (Zea mays)
- native to the Americas
- palatable and suitable for all livestock
- most valuable energy source among cereals
- high starch content 65%, 4% oil, low fibre content 10% NDF
- support high milk yields in dairy cows
- increase metabolisable energy values in poultry
Energy feed (sorghum)
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
- 5th major staple cereal
- good energy source for poultry, pig and ruminants
- contains tannin
Adverse effect of TANNINS
In poultry
- reduce the growth rate
- reduce egg production
- reduce protein utilisation
- damage the mucosal lining of the digestive tract
In pigs
- reduce feed intake and growth rates
- feed efficiency reduced by 5-10%
Solving high tannin sorghum effect
- reconstitution followed by anaerobic storage
- formaldehyde treatment, acid treatment, urea, lye
- providing a greater amount of amino acid in the diet (0.15% methionine or a mixture of choline and methionine
Energy feed (wheat)
Triticum spp.
- a major staple food
- provide 20% of food energy and protein
- primarily a source of energy (70% DM)
- used as whole grain with a concentrate complement
- can replace maize grain entirely in pig diets (30% for growing pigs and <50% for fattening pigs)
Energy feed (barley)
Hordeum vulgare L.
- higher fibre content (4-6% crude fibre//5-7% ADF//18-24% NDF0
- most common grains used in diets for cattle
- older bird = 20-30% of barley in diet
- >20% barley, the bedding (or litter) will be negatively affected
- can become the only cereal grain in growing and finishing pigs, gestating and lactating sows
Protein feed (soybean oil meal)
Glycine max (L.) Merr.
- most important protein source
- highly palatable feedstuff
- 43-53% of protein content
- >60% of rumen-degradable protein: good amino acid balance and high cell-wall digestibility
- increase feed intake, milk yield and milk protein content in dairy cows
Protein feed (Linseed oil meal)
By-product of oil production from linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.)
- 30-39% of DM protein
- linoleic acid: improves egg and meat quality
- In growing sheep fed low-quality forage, linseed meal as a protein supplement can reach a significant proportion of total DM intake.
