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Principle Of Livestock Nutrition > L1 Functions & Compositions Of Feeds > Flashcards

L1 Functions & Compositions Of Feeds Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrient

A

Any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for animals

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2
Q

Food?

A

Mostly used for human
Is materials which after ingested by animal and is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilised

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3
Q

Feed?

A

Animals version of food

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4
Q

Foodstuff / feedstuff?

A

Any material made into or used as food or feed
( ingredients of feed / food)

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5
Q

Diet?

A

Mixture of feedstuff used to supply nutrients to animals

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6
Q

Ration?

A

Daily allocation of feed
食物的比例

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7
Q

What is feed composition?

A

Chemical makeup of animal feed and its physical characteristics
Important because affect the ability of animals to derive useful nutrients from feed
Feed analysis = ultimate goal is to predict the productive response of animals when they are fed rations of a given composition

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8
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Science that interprets relationships of food to the function of living organism
Includes : intake of food, liberation of energy, waste excretion, digestion, growth and reproduction

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9
Q

Important nutrients for livestock?

A

Core body functions : water, energy (carbohydrates & fats), supplements (protein, vitamin, mineral)

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10
Q

Types of feeds?

A

Roughages - high fibre content
Concentrates - energy / protein
Mixed feeds - supplements (complete balanced rations)

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11
Q

How to determine energy feed, protein feed and concentrate?

A
  1. Roughages with crude protein >=20% is protein feed
  2. Roughages with crude protein <18% is energy source
  3. Roughages with crude fibre >= 18% is energy feed.
  4. Roughages with crude fibre <18% is concentrate
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12
Q

Types of roughages?

A
  1. Dry roughages (90% of DM)
  2. Silages (20-50% of DM)
  3. Pastures ( high water content, 20-30% of DM)
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13
Q

Types of concentrate

A

energy & protein

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14
Q

Energy concentrate

A

corn, oats, barley and milo
-70-80% of TDN with 7-10% of protein

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15
Q

Mineral concentrates

A

salt, iodised salt, ground limestone (calcium), steamed bonemeal and dicalcium phosphate

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16
Q

Protein concentrate

A

soybean oil meal, linseed oil meal, cottonseed oil meal, peanut oil meal
-soybean & peanut oil meal > linseed and cottonseed oil meal
- if feed excessive: useless, expesive and cause digestive upset

17
Q

Energy feed (corn)

A

Corn (Zea mays)
- native to the Americas
- palatable and suitable for all livestock
- most valuable energy source among cereals
- high starch content 65%, 4% oil, low fibre content 10% NDF
- support high milk yields in dairy cows
- increase metabolisable energy values in poultry

18
Q

Energy feed (sorghum)

A

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
- 5th major staple cereal
- good energy source for poultry, pig and ruminants
- contains tannin

19
Q

Adverse effect of TANNINS

A

In poultry
- reduce the growth rate
- reduce egg production
- reduce protein utilisation
- damage the mucosal lining of the digestive tract
In pigs
- reduce feed intake and growth rates
- feed efficiency reduced by 5-10%

20
Q

Solving high tannin sorghum effect

A
  • reconstitution followed by anaerobic storage
  • formaldehyde treatment, acid treatment, urea, lye
  • providing a greater amount of amino acid in the diet (0.15% methionine or a mixture of choline and methionine
21
Q

Energy feed (wheat)

A

Triticum spp.
- a major staple food
- provide 20% of food energy and protein
- primarily a source of energy (70% DM)
- used as whole grain with a concentrate complement
- can replace maize grain entirely in pig diets (30% for growing pigs and <50% for fattening pigs)

22
Q

Energy feed (barley)

A

Hordeum vulgare L.
- higher fibre content (4-6% crude fibre//5-7% ADF//18-24% NDF0
- most common grains used in diets for cattle
- older bird = 20-30% of barley in diet
- >20% barley, the bedding (or litter) will be negatively affected
- can become the only cereal grain in growing and finishing pigs, gestating and lactating sows

23
Q

Protein feed (soybean oil meal)

A

Glycine max (L.) Merr.
- most important protein source
- highly palatable feedstuff
- 43-53% of protein content
- >60% of rumen-degradable protein: good amino acid balance and high cell-wall digestibility
- increase feed intake, milk yield and milk protein content in dairy cows

24
Q

Protein feed (Linseed oil meal)

A

By-product of oil production from linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.)
- 30-39% of DM protein
- linoleic acid: improves egg and meat quality
- In growing sheep fed low-quality forage, linseed meal as a protein supplement can reach a significant proportion of total DM intake.

25
Q

Protein feed (cottonseed oil meal)

A

Gossypium spp.
- by-product of oil extraction from cotton seeds
-protein content varies by the amount of dehulling and on the efficiency of oil extraction
- contains gossypol

26
Q

Adverse effect of gossypol and solving method

A

-decrease hemoglobin
- increase erythrocyte fragility in dairy cows if >45% in diet
1. add iron salts

27
Q

Protein feed (peanut oil meal)

A

Arachis hypogaea L.
- can be decorticated or undecorticated
-decorticated cake and meal are safe for every livestock

28
Q

Energy feed in Malaysia

A

Sugar cane- molasses
Oil palm tree- PKC
Tapioca trees- Cassava Peel
Paddy- Rice straw & Paddy husk

29
Q

Protein feed in Malaysia

A

Aquatic plant- Azolla
Microalgae- Chlorella vulgaris
Milk- milk fats
Fish- fish waste/ bone

30
Q

Proximate analysis

A
  • chemical method of feed analysis
    1. Dry matter
    2. Crude protein
    3. Ether extract (crude fat)
    4. Crude fibre
    5. Ash
    6. Nitrogen-free extract
31
Q

Dry matter determination

A
  • drying the feed sample in a drying oven to constant weight
  • the temperatures used are usually 100 to 105°C
    CONVERTING dry weight and wet weight basis
    1. DW-WW
    nutrient % x DM %
    2. WW-DW
    nutrient % / DM %
32
Q

Crude protein determination

A

Kjeldahl method
- 16% N
- multiplied by 6.25

33
Q

Ether extract

A
  • isolate lipids for more detailed fractionation into fatty acids and waxes
34
Q

Crude fibre determination

A
  • using an ether-extracted sample, boiling in dilute acid, boiling in dilute base, filtering, drying and burning in a furnace
  • The difference in weight before and after burning is the crude fiber fraction
35
Q

Ash determination

A
  • residue remaining after all the combustible material has been burned off in 500-600°C
36
Q

Bomb calorimeter

A
  • determine the energy value of solids, liquids or gasses
  • burning in a pressurised oxygen atmosphere
  • determining the digestibile enrgy of feedstuff
37
Q

Atomic absorption spectrophotometer

A
  • facilitate analyses for most mineral elements
  • Radiation from cathode lamp is passed through the flame and the atoms absorb some of this radiation at specific wavelengths

Principle Of Livestock Nutrition (4 decks)

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