L1 Cell Physiology

Question 1

What’s physiology?

Answer 1

Study of life

Specifically how cells, tissues, organs and whole organisms function

Emphasis on purpose (why) and mechanical (how)

Question 2

Anatomy v. Physiology

Answer 2

Anatomy is structure/function relationship

Anatomy supports the purpose (why) of physiology

Question 3

Functional organization of body

Answer 3

Chemical 
Cellular
Tissue 
Organ 
Body system 
Organism

Question 4

Four tissues of organs

Answer 4

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 5

Three main functions of anatomical/physiological systems

Answer 5

Facilitate survival of individual

Facilitate survival of species

Coordinate functioning

Question 6

What’s homeostasis?

Answer 6

Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

Question 7

Pyrogens

Answer 7

Cause a rise in the setpoint for metabolic heat production

Question 8

Exogenous pyrogens

Answer 8

From foreign substance

i.e. bacteria or virus

Question 9

Endogenous pyrogens

Answer 9

Produced by immune cells in response to infection

Increase temp to try to kill bacteria

Question 10

Homeostatic control systems must be able to

Answer 10

Detect

Integrate

Restore

Question 11

Negative feedback system

Answer 11

Primary type

Maintains stability by defending set points

Opposes initial change

Question 12

Negative feedback components

Answer 12

Sensor

Integrator

Effector

Question 13

Negative feedback components in temperature regulation

Answer 13

Sensors - skin

Integrator - hypothalamus

Effectors - vasodilation, sweating, panting

Vasoconstriction, shivering, non shivering, thermogenesis

Question 14

Thermoneutral zone

Answer 14

Small range of temperature where the body temp will remain constant

Out of that range, metabolism will have to work to cool down or warm up

Larger tolerance to cold temps

About 10 degree range

Question 15

Blood glucose levels: negative feedback

Answer 15

Normal blood glucose level 90mg/100mL

Sensor - pancreas
Integrator - pancreas
Effector - peripheral cells

Question 16

Regulation of hormone release by hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)

Answer 16

Hypothalamus releases hormones

Anterior pituitary releases tropic hormones

Target organ/gland releases peripheral hormone

Released hormones negatively feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to stop this loop

Question 17

Hypothalamus releases what to anterior pituitary?

Answer 17

Corticotropin releasing hormone

CRH

Question 18

Anterior pituitary releases what to adrenal cortex?

Answer 18

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH

Question 19

Adrenal cortex releases what hormone?

Answer 19

Cortisol

CORT

Question 20

Addison’s Disease

Answer 20

No CORT
High CRH
High ACTH

Question 21

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 21

Low ACTH
Low CORT
High CRH

Question 22

ACTH stimulation test

Answer 22

Can help distinguish between Addison’s and secondary adrenal insufficiency

Question 23

Metastatic rumor/infection

Answer 23

Nothing works in HPA axis

Question 24

Positive feedback system

Answer 24

Amplifies an initial change

Change in same direction until completion of event

Uterine contractions
Lactation
Urination
Defecation

When things are expelled from body

Question 25

Feedforward

Answer 25

Anticipatory changes

Smelling dinner leads to salivation and growling stomach

Sprinter getting ready to run a race and his heart and respiratory rate rise

Question 26

Disruption in homeostasis of any “vital” parameter can lead to

Answer 26

Illness and death