L1 - Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleoside

A

A base and a pentose sugar covalently bonded by a glycosidic bond linking C1’ (sugar) and N9 (purine)/N1 (pyrimidine)

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2
Q

Nucleotides are joined by…

A

phosphodiester bonds between 3’ OH (sugar1) to attached phosphate to 5’ OH (sugar2)

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3
Q

When writing out nucleotides, how are they written?

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

Where were the main three genetic experiments that proved DNA was our genetic material?

A

~ 1928 Griffith
~ 1944 Avery et al.
~ 1952 Hershey & Chase

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5
Q

What’s the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Deoxyribose has a H not OH on C2’

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6
Q

What are the five bases? SPELL

A
Adenine (Pur)
Guanine (Pur)
Thymine (Pyr)
Cytosine (Pyr)
Uracil (Pyr)
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7
Q

What are bases?

A

~ planar conjugated rings
~ uncharged in physiological conditions
~ prime notation not used

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8
Q

Tautomer

A

a molecule in which a proton has migrated to a different place

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9
Q

Base tautomerisation

A

~ bases can exist as tautomers

~ implications for accuracy of DNA replication + therefore provides genetic variability

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10
Q

Nucleotide

A

Nucleoside + phosphate

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11
Q

Give four examples of alternative functions for nucleotide monomers.

A

~ ATP
~ CoA
~NAD(H)/NADP(H)
~FAD(H2)

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12
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A
  1. amount of purine bases = amount of pyrimidine bases

2. G=C & A=T

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13
Q

Describe what the X-ray diffraction analysis of DNA showed.

A
Frankin & Wilkins
~ helical structure characteristic
~ spring of the lines showed:
1. 3.4nm and ~10 bp/turn
2. 0.34nm rise per bp
3. helix diameter = 2nm
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14
Q

Watson and Crick used models to…

A

figure out:
~ A pairs with T with 2 H-bonds
~C pairs with G with 3 H-bonds
~ as they had similar widths

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15
Q

Two complementary DNA strands are…

A
  1. antiparallel

2. wind around each other in a clockwise direction

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16
Q

Which parts of the DNA molecule are hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A
Hydrophobic = bases in inside
Hydrophilic = sugar phosphate backbone
17
Q

How is the DNA stabilised?

A

~ via Van der Waals interactions between bases

~ base stacking - dependant on neighbour bases

18
Q

Confirmed structure of DNA

A

1980 crystal structure of DNA

  1. 3.4nm and 10.5 bp/turn
  2. 0.34nm apart
  3. helix diameter = 2nm
  4. it has major and minor grooves
19
Q

What gives the DNA molecule its strength?

A

~ VdW IMF
~ hydrophobic/philic interactions
~ H-bonds are weak

20
Q

What do the major and minor grooves in the DNA do?

A

they govern interactions with other molcules

21
Q

Which is the predominant DNA configuration in cells?

A

B-DNA