Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

uncontrolled cell growth and cell spreading

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2
Q

Hyperplasia

A

cells resemble those in normal tissue

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3
Q

Dysplasia

A

cells are cytologically abnormal

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4
Q

Cancer

A

malignant tumours

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5
Q

Cdks

A

cyclin dependent kinases

~ protein kinases that phosphorylate specific serine/threonine residues

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6
Q

Cyclin D

A

G1 cyclin

activates Cdk4 or CDK6

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7
Q

Cyclin E

A

G1/S cyclin

activates Cdk2

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8
Q

Cyclin A

A

S cyclin

activates Cdk2

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9
Q

Cyclin B

A

M cycline

activate Cdk1

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10
Q

Each cyclin-cdk complex activates…

A

~ events in their cell cycle phase

~ cyclin-cdk in the next cell phase e.g. by promoting expression

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11
Q

Name the mechanisms used to regulate Cdk activity

A
  1. activation by association with cyclins
  2. postive regulation by phosphorylation
  3. negative regulation by phosphorylation
  4. cyclin kinase inhibitors
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12
Q
  1. activation by association with cyclins
A

when bound to cyclin, the Cdk active site becomes unburied (active) and available to bind to

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13
Q
  1. postive regulation by phosphorylation
A

activation - phosphorylation of a threonine residue by cdk-activating kinases (CAK)
~ occurs after cyclin binding

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14
Q
  1. negative regulation by phosphorylation
A
phosphorylation inactivates cdk by blocking ATP binding site
controlled by:
Wee1 kinase (G1, S, G2)
Cdc25 phosphatase (G2)
~ creates a positive feedback loop
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15
Q
  1. cyclin kinase inhibitors
A

Two types:
~ bind to cyclin-cdk complex - distorts structure and prevents ATP binding
~ bind to cdk only - alter the structure and prevent binding with cyclin

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