L08/09/10 Sensory Systems I-III Flashcards by tip gee

What type of receptor detects blood pressure?

A) osmoreceptor
B) baroreceptor
C) thermoreceptor
D) nociceptor
E) proprioceptor

B) baroreceptor

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According to the law of specific nerve energies, a single sensory receptor ________.

A) responds equally to several types of stimuli
B) responds to only one type of stimulus, regardless of the strength of stimulation
C) responds best to a specific energy modality
D) type detects all the somatic sensations
E) type detects all the somesthetic sensations

C) responds best to a specific energy modality

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The modality to which a receptor responds best is called the ________.

A) appropriate stimulus
B) appropriate modality
C) least energy stimulus
D) adequate stimulus
E) composite modality

D) adequate stimulus

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The perception of the position of one’s joints and limbs is called ________.

A) proprioception
B) nociception
C) kinesthesiology
D) nociology
E) positionology

A) proprioception

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The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called what?

A) sensory generation
B) sensory production
C) sensory transduction
D) sensory conversion
E) modality conversion

C) sensory transduction

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What is a region of skin that, when activated, will result in the change of activity within a particular afferent neuron?

A) motor units
B) neuronal fields
C) labeled lines
D) second-order neurons
E) receptive fields

E) receptive fields

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Another name for an afferent neuron is ________.

A) multipolar neuron
B) receptor neuron
C) first-order neuron
D) second-order neuron
E) third-order neuron

C) first-order neuron

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What type of neuron in the thalamus communicates sensory information to the cerebral cortex?

A) first-order neurons
B) second-order neurons
C) third-order neurons
D) forth-order neurons
E) afferent neurons

C) third-order neurons

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How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmittal to the central nervous system?

A) The amplitude of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.
B) The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.
C) Different afferent neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities.
D) Different second-order neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities.
E) The neurotransmitter released from an afferent neuron differs based on the intensity of the stimulus.

B) The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.

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Which of the following statements about lateral inhibition is FALSE?

A) Lateral inhibition produces contrast within the nervous system.
B) Lateral inhibition enhances acuity.
C) Lateral inhibition occurs when communication is inhibited to second-order neurons receiving information from afferents associated with neighboring receptive fields.
D) Lateral inhibition results in a stronger signal coming from second-order neurons associated with the central point of stimulation.
E) Lateral inhibition decreases the two-point discrimination threshold.

D) Lateral inhibition results in a stronger signal coming from second-order neurons associated with the central point of stimulation.

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What is a decrease in the amplitude of a receptor potential in the presence of a continuing stimulus called?

A) habituation
B) adaptation
C) sensitization
D) transduction
E) localization

B) adaptation

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Of the following areas of the body, which has the greatest tactile acuity?

A) back
B) upper arm
C) forehead
D) lips
E) hand

D) lips

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The ability to detect the direction from which a sound originates is determined by ________.

A) the time delay between that sound reaching the right and left cochlea
B) mapping of sound location on the cerebral cortex
C) differences in sound intensity as it reaches the right and left cochlea
D) lateral inhibition that occurs between the right and left cochlea
E) lateral excitation occurring between the right and left cochlea

A) the time delay between that sound reaching the right and left cochlea

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Which of the following structures is NOT a mechanoreceptor located within the skin?

A) Pacinian corpuscles
B) hair follicle receptors
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Merkel's disks
E) hair cells

E) hair cells

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Which of the following best describes the response of thermoreceptor afferents when temperature decreases from 35°C to 25°C?

A) Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials.
B) Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
C) Warm-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials.
D) Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
E) Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents fire at the same frequency.

D) Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.

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What are sensory receptors that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli or stimuli that have the potential to damage tissue called?

A) thermoreceptors
B) proprioceptors
C) nociceptors
D) Merkel's disk
E) Meissner's corpuscle

C) nociceptors

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Which of the following is NOT a function of TRP channels?

A) warm transduction
B) cold transduction
C) respond to painfully hot stimuli
D) respond to painfully hot chemicals
E) respond to painful mechanical stimulation

E) respond to painful mechanical stimulation

Reference: Sensory I, Slide 28

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What type of receptor responds to chemicals like histamine and bradykinin that are released from damaged tissue?

A) Ruffini's endings
B) Hair follicle receptors
C) Mechanical nociceptors
D) Polymodal nociceptors
E) Thermal nociceptors

D) Polymodal nociceptors

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What is the adequate stimulus for nociceptors?

A) warmth
B) cold
C) touch
D) pain
E) change in muscle length

D) pain

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A person has damage to the right dorsal columns of the spinal cord at the thoracic level. This person would have impaired ________.

A) temperature sensation of the right leg
B) touch sensation of the right leg
C) temperature sensation of the right arm and leg
D) temperature sensation of the left leg
E) touch sensation of the left leg

B) touch sensation of the right leg

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Which of the following statements about the spinothalamic tract is FALSE?

A) Pain signals are transmitted along this pathway.
B) Cold signals are transmitted along this pathway.
C) Warm signals are transmitted along this pathway.
D) The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the brainstem.
E) The first-order neuron synapses with the second order neuron in the spinal cord dorsal horn.

D) The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the brainstem.

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Fast pain originating from nociceptors is perceived as a ________ pain and is carried along ________ fibers.

A) sharp : A δ
B) sharp : C
C) dull : A δ
D) dull : C
E) sharp : A β

A) sharp : A δ

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How are pain signals from visceral receptors “referred” to the body surface?

A) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same second-order neurons
B) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same first-order neurons
C) signals from visceral receptors that travel to skin receptors to activate them
D) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same third-order neurons
E) the divergence of visceral and somatic afferents onto different second-order neurons

A) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same second-order neurons

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The gate-control theory of pain modulation states that ________.
A) pain sensation must be modified within the sensory receptors
B) C fibers themselves can act to modify their own pain signal
C) the signal that modifies pain sensation in the spinal cord must originate from the nucleus raphe magnus
D) non-painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain
E) painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain

D) non-painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain

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Which of the following is NOT part of the gate-control theory of pain modulation? A) Inhibitory interneurons can modulate second-order pain neurons. B) Inhibitory interneurons are activated by collaterals of Aβ fibers that are associated with mechanical stimuli. C) Inhibitory interneurons are inhibited by collaterals from the nociceptor afferent. D) A non-painful stimulus can activate the inhibitory interneuron and thereby inhibit the painful stimulus. E) Signals that modify pain originate from higher centers of the brain.

E) Signals that modify pain originate from higher centers of the brain.

Which of the following statements about sensory coding is FALSE? A) The type of stimulus is coded for by the specific pathway activated. B) The intensity of stimulus is coded for by the size of the action potential. C) The location of the stimulus is coded for by the receptive field activated. D) The ability to locate the stimulus is enhanced by lateral inhibition. E) Coding for a stimulus type is maintained from receptor to cortex.

B) The intensity of stimulus is coded for by the size of the action potential.

Both the auditory and vestibular systems rely upon ________ to detect movement of fluid within the ear. ``` A) hair cells B) chemoreceptors C) thermoreceptors D) magnetoreceptors E) hydroreceptors ```

A) hair cells

Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the ________. The sound waves are then transmitted along the ________ to the cochlea. ``` A) saccule : eustachian tube B) oval window : ossicles C) oval window : eustachian tube D) tympanic membrane : ossicles E) round window : saccule ```

D) tympanic membrane : ossicles

What structure separates the middle from the external ear? ``` A) round window B) tympanic membrane C) Eustachian tube D) oval window E) basilar membrane ```

B) tympanic membrane

Which of the following statements about hair cells in the ear is FALSE? A) There are three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells. B) Hair cells are surrounded by endolymph. C) Only the inner hair cells of the cochlea function directly in sound transduction. D) Both the hair cells for hearing and those for equilibrium are depolarized when bent toward the kinocilium. E) When potassium channels in hair cells open, potassium ions move into the cell, depolarizing it.

D) Both the hair cells for hearing and those for equilibrium are depolarized when bent toward the kinocilium.

The organ of Corti is located on what membrane? ``` A) vestibular membrane B) tympanic membrane C) tectorial membrane D) basilar membrane E) plasma membrane of hair cells ```

D) basilar membrane

The ________, projecting from the end of hair cells, are attached to the ________, which causes them to bend when sound waves enter the cochlea. ``` A) stereocilia : basilar membrane B) stereocilia : tectorial membrane C) nitrocilia : tectorial membrane D) kinocilia : basilar membrane E) cilia : basilar membrane ```

B) stereocilia : tectorial membrane

The hair cells are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, potassium moves ________ the cell, causing it to ________. ``` A) into : depolarize B) out of : hyperpolarize C) into : hyperpolarize D) out of : depolarize E) equally into and out of : maintain its polarized state ```

A) into : depolarize

Bending of the stereocilia on the hair cell can induce either a closure or an opening of a potassium channel based upon the ________. ``` A) size of the stereocilia B) frequency of the sound C) intensity of the sound D) direction that the stereocilia move E) acceleration of the body ```

D) direction that the stereocilia move

Frequency of sound is coded for by ________. A) the number of hair cells stimulated B) the direction that the stereocilia are stimulated C) the amplitude of the action potentials D) the frequency of action potentials E) the location of the hair cell stimulated

E) the location of the hair cell stimulated

In comparison to low pitch sound, high pitch sound will cause vibrations of the basilar membrane ________. ``` A) closer to the oval window B) closer to the helicotrema C) closer to the tympanic membrane D) of lesser amplitude E) of greater amplitude ```

A) closer to the oval window

The transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occurs in the ________. ``` A) ossicles B) cochlea C) semicircular canals D) utricle E) eustachian tube ```

B) cochlea

The detection of sweet by taste receptors occurs via the binding of organic molecules to receptors on the cell membrane activating ________ that ultimately causes a ________. A) gustducin : sodium channel to close B) transducin : sodium channel to close C) transducin : potassium channel to open D) gustducin : potassium channel to close E) Golf : potassium channel to close

D) gustducin : potassium channel to close

The primary afferent neurons from taste receptor cells terminate within what structure of the central nervous system? ``` A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) medulla oblongata D) gustatory cortex E) olfactory tubercule ```

C) medulla oblongata

What two taste qualities use a G protein during the transduction process? ``` A) sweet and sour B) sweet and bitter C) salty and sweet D) sour and salty E) bitter and salty ```

B) sweet and bitter

The detection of odorants occurs via the binding of organic molecules to receptors on the cell membrane, activating ________ that ultimately causes the ________. A) gustducin : sodium channel to close B) Golf : potassium channel to open C) transducin : potassium channel to open D) gustducin : potassium channel to close E) Golf : cation channel to open

E) Golf : cation channel to open

Which of the following cells is the precursor cell for the olfactory cells? ``` A) support cells B) basal cells C) olfactory receptor cells D) mitral cells E) ciliary cells ```

B) basal cells

Which sensory system does not need to transmit information through the thalamus to get to the cortex? ``` A) somatosensory systems B) taste C) olfaction D) vestibular/equilibrium E) hearing ```

C) olfaction

A sensation that is produced from a stimulus ``` A) Intensity B) Duration C) Modality D) Perception E) Action potential ```

C) Modality

What is the difference between slow and rapid adapting cells? A) slowly adapting continue to trigger as long as stimulus is persists while rapidly adapting cells reduce their response over time B) rapidly continue to trigger as long as stimulus is persists while slowly adapting cells reduce their response over time C) slowly adapting cells produce a low action potential while rapidly adapting cells produce a high action potential

A) slowly adapting continue to trigger as long as stimulus is persists while rapidly adapting cells reduce their response over time

What part of the body will you have the highest form of two point discrimination? A) Calf B) Belly C) Cheek D) Fingers

D) Fingers

What is the function of the retinal pigmented epithelium? A) Provide nutrients and oxygen to the retina. B) Provide nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea. C) Absorb light that enters the eye. D) Secrete vitreous humor. E) Secrete aqueous humor.

C) Absorb light that enters the eye

Which of the following best describes the location of the anterior segment? A) within the eye, between the cornea and lens B) within the eye, between the cornea and iris C) within the eye, between the iris and lens D) within the ear, between the vestibular and basilar membranes E) within the ear, between the basilar and tympanic membranes

A) within the eye, between the cornea and lens

The amount of light that impinges on the retina is primarily regulated by what structure? ``` A) cornea B) iris C) optic disk D) fovea E) ciliary body ```

B) iris

The cornea and lens are ________ surfaces that cause light to converge on a ________. ``` A) concave : focal length B) convex : focal point C) concave : focal point D) convex : focal length E) transparent : focal length ```

B) convex : focal point

What nourishes the lens and cornea? ``` A) Purkinje fibers B) the optic disk C) the choroid D) aqueous humor E) vitreous humor ```

D) aqueous humor

Light waves refract as they pass through what structures of the eye? ``` A) cornea only B) lens only C) cornea and lens D) choroid only E) cornea, lens, and choroid ```

C) cornea and lens

In order to focus light coming from a near source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive power through what process? ``` A) accommodation B) acclimation C) acclimatization D) telescoping E) refractometry ```

A) accommodation

When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens is relatively ________, allowing the eye to focus on objects that are ________. ``` A) round : close B) round : distant C) flat : close D) flat : distant E) transparent : anywhere within the field of view ```

D) flat : distant

Ciliary muscle is innervated by what branch of the nervous system? ``` A) somatic nervous system B) enteric nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system E) central nervous system ```

D) parasympathetic nervous system

In the visual system, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes which of the following? A) pupillary constriction and an increase in the refractive power of the lens B) pupillary constriction and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens C) pupillary dilation and an increase in the refractive power of the lens D) pupillary dilation and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens E) pupillary dilation and no effect on the refractive power of the lens

A) pupillary constriction and an increase in the refractive power of the lens

What is a condition where light, originating from a distance, is focused in front of the retina? ``` A) presbyopia B) emmetropia C) hyperopia D) myopia E) neurotropia ```

D) myopia

What is a condition where light, originating from a close up source, is focused behind the retina? ``` A) presbyopia B) emmetropia C) hyperopia D) myopia E) neurotropia ```

C) hyperopia

Which of the conditions below describes irregularities in the structure of the cornea or lens? ``` A) cataracts B) presbyopia C) glaucoma D) astigmatism E) hyperopia ```

D) astigmatism

When the doctor shines a penlight into the patient’s eye, which of the following occurs? A) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. B) The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. C) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. D) The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation. E) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation.

C) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction.

Which of the following occurs during accommodation for near vision? A) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, flattening the lens. B) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, flattening the lens. C) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, and the lens becomes rounder. D) Ciliary muscles relax, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder. E) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder.

E) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder.

The lateral displacement of bipolar and ganglion cells within the macula lutea allow for ________. A) enhanced communication between bipolar and ganglion cells B) processing of information from the rods C) processing of information from the cones D) an unhindered pathway for light to reach the rods of the fovea E) an unhindered pathway for light to reach the cones of the fovea

E) an unhindered pathway for light to reach the cones of the fovea

The light-absorbing portion of the photopigment is ________; its sensitivity to a particular wavelength of light is altered by ________. ``` A) retinal : opsin B) opsin : retinal C) transducin : phosphodiesterase D) phosphodiesterase : transducin E) opsin : transducin ```

A) retinal : opsin

The presence of cGMP in the cytosol of a photoreceptor will directly stimulate the ________. ``` A) opening of sodium channels B) opening of potassium channels C) closure of sodium channels D) closure of potassium channels E) opening of calcium channels ```

A) opening of sodium channels

In the absence of light, the membrane potential of a photoreceptor is relatively ________ by the presence of open ________ channels. ``` A) depolarized : potassium B) hyperpolarized : potassium C) hyperpolarized : sodium D) depolarized : calcium E) depolarized : sodium ```

E) depolarized : sodium

The closure of sodium channels is mediated by a decrease in the cytosolic concentration of ________, which is degraded by ________. ``` A) cGMP : transducin B) cGMP : phosphodiesterase C) cAMP : transducin D) cAMP : phosphodiesterase E) cAMP : ATP synthase ```

B) cGMP : phosphodiesterase

When we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the ________ must first ________ before low light levels can be detected. ``` A) rods : bleach B) rods : dissociate C) cones : dissociate D) rods : associate E) cones : associate ```

D) rods : associate

Disks of a photoreceptor are located in the ________ and contain ________. ``` A) inner segment : transmitter B) outer segment : transmitter C) inner segment : photopigment D) outer segment : photopigment E) synaptic terminal : transmitter ```

D) outer segment : photopigment

Which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina? A) photoreceptor; bipolar cell; ganglion cell B) photoreceptor; ganglion cell; bipolar cell C) bipolar cell; ganglion cell; photoreceptor D) bipolar cell; photoreceptor; ganglion cell E) ganglion cell; bipolar cell; photoreceptor

A) photoreceptor; bipolar cell; ganglion cell

Photoreceptors transmit information directly to ________ cells via the release of a neurotransmitter, causing those cells to develop a(n) ________ potential proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. ``` A) ganglion : graded B) amacrine : graded C) bipolar : graded D) amacrine : action E) ganglion : action ```

C) bipolar : graded

The first neurons capable of generating action potentials in the transmission pathway for visual information detected by rods and cones are the ________ cells. ``` A) ganglion B) bipolar C) amacrine D) vertical E) horizontal ```

A) ganglion

Which of the following best describes ON-center, OFF-surround cells in the retina? A) They are photoreceptors that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields. B) They are bipolar cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields. C) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields. D) They are photoreceptors that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina. E) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina.

C) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields.

Which of the following components of the visual pathway is 100% ipsilateral to the visual field? ``` A) visual cortex B) optic nerve C) optic tract D) lateral geniculate nucleus E) none ```

E) none

In the optic chiasm, ganglion cells from the ________ portion of the retina cross over, whereas the ganglion cells from the ________ portion of the retina remain on the same side. ``` A) nasal : center B) center : nasal C) temporal : nasal D) nasal : temporal E) temporal : center ```

D) nasal : temporal

The ganglion cells of the retina synapse with neurons in the ________ that ascend to the ________. A) hypothalamus : primary visual cortex B) thalamus : primary motor cortex C) lateral geniculate body : cerebellum D) thalamus : primary somatosensory cortex E) lateral geniculate body : primary visual cortex

E) lateral geniculate body : primary visual cortex

The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing, where visual details are ________. A) integrated before reaching the primary visual cortex B) integrated by bipolar cells and sent to the primary visual cortex C) transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are then integrated D) maintained within the optic chiasm where they are integrated E) transmitted to the lateral geniculate body where they are integrated

C) transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are then integrated

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L08/09/10 Sensory Systems I-III Flashcards

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