L06/07 Neuroanatomy- Brain and Spinal cord I&II Flashcards by tip gee

Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for motor planning and commands?

Frontal Lobe

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Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for impulse control, working memory and judgement?

Frontal Lobe

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Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for gustatory senses?

Insular Lobe

taste

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Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for emotions, learning, and memory?

Limbic Lobe

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Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for reception and perception of sensory information?

Parietal Lobe

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Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for auditory memory?

Temporal Lobe

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Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for visual processing?

Occipital Lobe

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What are the three parts of the limbic system?

Cingulate gyrus - plays a role in emotion
Amygdala - involved in emotion and memory
Hippocampus - involved in learning and memory

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In regards to Brodmann’s area whats located position 3, 1, 2?

Primary somatosensory cortex- area 3,1,2

Other important areas are:
Primary motor cortex- area 4
Primary visual cortex- area 17
Primary auditory cortex- area 41,42

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In regards to Brodmann’s area whats located position 41 and 42?

Primary auditory cortex- area 41,42

Other important areas are:
Primary somatosensory cortex- area 3,1,2
Primary motor cortex- area 4
Primary visual cortex- area 17

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Which contains axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere?

A. Association tracts
B. Commissural tracts
C. Projection tracts
D. None of the above

Commissural tracts-contains axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere

Other tracks include:

Association tracts- contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

Projection tracts- axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or vice versa.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid is produced where?

Cerebrospinal Fluid is produced in the choroid plexus.

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The correct flow of CSF is?

A. Lateral ventricles —-> 4th ventricles —-> 3rd ventricle —-> Subarachnoid space —-> Intracranial sinuses —-> Blood stream

B. Lateral ventricles —-> third ventricles —-> 4th ventricle —-> Subarachnoid space —-> Intracranial sinuses —-> Blood stream

C. Subarachnoid Space —-> third ventricles —-> 4th ventricle —-> Intracranial sinuses —-> Lateral ventricles —-> Blood stream

D. Subarachnoid Space —-> third ventricles —-> 4th ventricle —-> Lateral ventricles —-> Intracranial sinuses —-> Blood stream

B. Lateral ventricles —-> third ventricles —-> 4th ventricle —-> Subarachnoid space —-> Intracranial sinuses —-> Blood stream

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What creates the blood brain barrier in the brain?

Endothelium cells that form tight junctions in capillaries that are reinforced by astrocytes.

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Which part of the diencephalon is known as the relay center?

A. Thalamus
B. Hypothalamus
C. Pituitary Gland
D. Pineal Gland

A. Thalamus - “relays” and modulates sensory information travelling to the cortex and integrates motor information travelling from basal ganglia and cerebellum to cortex

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Which part of the diencephalon secrets melatonin?

A. Thalamus
B. Hypothalamus
C. Pituitary Gland
D. Pineal Gland

D. Pineal Gland - secretes melatonin which promotes sleep

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Which part of the diencephalon is related to homeostasis and the endocrine system?

A. Thalamus
B. Hypothalamus
C. Pituitary Gland
D. Pineal Gland

B. Hypothalamus - a host of functions related to homeostasis and the endocrine system

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Which part of the diencephalon is related to the neuroendocrine glands?

A. Thalamus
B. Hypothalamus
C. Pituitary Gland
D. Pineal Gland

C. Pituitary Gland - endocrine and neuroendocrine gland; posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

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What makes up the brainstem?

Midbrain - control eye movements and relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes

Pons - relay station between cerebellum and cerebrum

Medulla Oblongata - transition between spinal cord and brain

The Brain Stem is responsible for the regulation of:
heart rate, breathing, eating, consciousness

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Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and posture?

Cerebellum is responsible for movement coordination

Equilibrium integration = Maintenance of balance and posture
Memory of skills and movements coordination, and speech

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Which of the following is located in the autonomic nervous system?

A) sympathetic nervous system only
B) parasympathetic nervous system only
C) somatic nervous system only
D) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
E) both sympathetic and somatic nervous systems

D) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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What type of glial cell is necessary for normal development of the blood-brain barrier?

A) astrocytes
B) oligodendrocytes
C) ependymal cells
D) microglia
E) Schwann cells

A) astrocytes

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What type of glial cell acts locally to maintain normal electrolyte composition of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A) astrocytes
B) oligodendrocytes
C) ependymal cells
D) microglia
E) Schwann cells

A) astrocytes

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What type of glial cell is a phagocyte?

A) astrocytes
B) oligodendrocytes
C) ependymal cells
D) microglia
E) Schwann cells

D) microglia

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What type of glial cell is located in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system? ``` A) astrocytes B) oligodendrocytes C) Schwann cells D) none E) microglia ```

D) none

Which of the following is the correct order of the meninges, from neural tissue to bone? A) Arachnoid mater : dura mater : pia mater B) Pia mater : arachnoid mater : dura mater C) Arachnoid mater : pia mater : dura mater D) Pia mater : dura mater : arachnoid mater E) Dura mater : arachnoid mater : pia mater

B) Pia mater : arachnoid mater : dura mater

Where is cerebrospinal fluid synthesized? ``` A) cerebral ventricles B) central canal C) subarachnoid space D) arachnoid villi E) sinusoids ```

A) cerebral ventricles

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ________ and is reabsorbed into the venous circulation by special structures called the ________. ``` A) choroid plexus : subarachnoid space B) central canal : arachnoid villi C) central canal : subarachnoid space D) choroid plexus : arachnoid villi E) central canal : ependymal villi ```

D) choroid plexus : arachnoid villi

What are hollow cavities within the brain that are bathed by cerebrospinal fluid? ``` A) central canals B) ventricles C) choroid plexi D) arachnoid villi E) arachnoid spaces ```

C) choroid plexi

Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system create the blood-brain barrier, thereby restricting what type of movement of molecules into the brain? ``` A) active transport of B) transcytosis of C) facilitated diffusion of hydrophobic D) diffusion of lipophilic E) diffusion of hydrophilic ```

E) diffusion of hydrophilic

In order for ions to move across the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, they must ________. A) move through the endothelial cell layer by transcytosis B) be lipophobic C) be hydrophilic D) be transported across endothelial cells E) move through pores between endothelial cells

D) be transported across endothelial cells

Which of the following substances requires mediated transport to cross the blood-brain barrier? ``` A) glucose B) hydrogen ions C) oxygen D) carbon dioxide E) ethanol ```

A) glucose

Which of the following structures is found primarily in white matter? ``` A) myelinated axons B) neuron cell bodies C) dendrites D) axon terminals E) synapses ```

A) myelinated axons

The outermost layer of the brain is called the ________. ``` A) corpus callosum B) cerebral cortex C) coccyx D) commissure E) choroid plexus ```

B) cerebral cortex

What are the fibers that connect the cortical regions on one side of the brain with the corresponding cortical region on the other side of the brain? ``` A) Commissural fibers B) Projection fibers C) Association fibers D) Spinothalamic tracts E) Arcuate fasciculi ```

A) Commissural fibers

Which of the following would NOT be found within the gray matter of the spinal cord? ``` A) interneurons B) afferent neuron cell bodies C) efferent neuron cell bodies D) efferent neuron dendrites E) axon terminals from afferent neurons ```

B) afferent neuron cell bodies

What two structures make up the forebrain? ``` A) thalamus and hypothalamus B) cerebrum and diencephalon C) brainstem and cerebellum D) brainstem and spinal cord E) cerebrum and cerebellum ```

B) cerebrum and diencephalon

Which of the following is NOT a component of the brainstem? ``` A) midbrain B) pons C) medulla oblongata D) cerebellum E) reticular formation ```

D) cerebellum

The central sulcus separates the ________. ``` A) cerebellum from the forebrain B) brainstem from the spinal cord C) thalamus from the hypothalamus D) frontal lobe from the parietal lobe E) temporal lobe from the parietal lobe ```

D) frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Which cerebral lobe contains the visual cortex? ``` A) occipital lobe B) temporal lobe C) parietal lobe D) frontal lobe E) medial lobe ```

A) occipital lobe

What region of the diencephalon filters and refines sensory information, allowing us to direct our attention to specific external stimuli? ``` A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) basal nuclei D) limbic system E) putamen ```

B) thalamus

What region of the diencephalon provides an important link between the endocrine and nervous system? ``` A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) basal nuclei D) limbic system E) putamen ```

A) hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? A) communication between the nervous and endocrine system B) controls hunger and thirst C) affects emotions and behaviors in response to emotions D) controls thermoregulation E) contains the cardiovascular control centers

E) contains the cardiovascular control centers

Where is the thermoregulatory centre? ``` A) hypothalamus B) medulla oblongata C) pons D) amygdala E) hippocampus ```

A) hypothalamus

Which region of the limbic system is primarily involved in the emotion fear? ``` A) hippocampus B) fornix C) amygdala D) cingulate gyrus E) thalamus ```

C) amygdala

Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system? ``` A) amygdala B) putamen C) fornix D) hippocampus E) cingulated gyrus ```

B) putamen

How is a reflex that requires communication with the brain classified? ``` A) visceral B) spinal C) cranial D) somatic E) innate ```

C) cranial

How is a reflex that involves signals sent along autonomic sensory nerves classified? ``` A) visceral B) spinal C) cranial D) somatic E) innate ```

A) visceral

How is a reflex that we are born with classified? ``` A) visceral B) spinal C) cranial D) somatic E) innate ```

E) innate

Where is the integration center for the pupillary light reflex located? ``` A) hypothalamus B) cerebellum C) occipital lobe D) brainstem E) spinal cord ```

D) brainstem

Which of the following regions of the cortex is NOT involved in formulating the intention to move? ``` A) supplementary motor area B) association area C) limbic system D) frontal lobe E) primary motor cortex ```

E) primary motor cortex

Which of the following cortical regions is NOT involved in the development of a motor program? ``` A) limbic system B) premotor area C) supplementary motor area D) primary motor cortex E) somatosensory area ```

A) limbic system

Which of these brain structures, outside of the cortex, is NOT involved in assisting with motor programming and providing feedback on the execution of a motor program? ``` A) cerebellum B) thalamus C) basal nuclei D) hypothalamus E) brainstem nuclei ```

D) hypothalamus

The efferent neurons that innervate skeletal muscle, and induce them to contract, originate from the ________. ``` A) ventral horn of the spinal cord B) dorsal horn of the spinal cord C) motor cortex D) basal nuclei E) pyramidal tract ```

A) ventral horn of the spinal cord

What region of the brain provides feedback control of voluntary movement to the motor program that was generated? ``` A) cortex B) cerebellum C) brainstem nuclei D) thalamus E) pineal gland ```

B) cerebellum

Damage to the cerebellum will lead to which of the following symptoms? A) a complete inability to move (lack of execution) B) an inability to accurately plan a movement C) the generation of slow, fine movements only D) the generation of clumsy, poorly directed movements E) the generation of movement of large muscle groups only

D) the generation of clumsy, poorly directed movements

Major functions of Cerebral cortex

1. sensory perception 2. voluntary movement 3. language 4. personality 5. memory/decision making

Major functions of Basal nuclei

1. muscle tone 2. coordination of slow/sustained movements 3. inhibition of random movements

Major functions of thalamus

1. relay station for all synaptic input 2. awareness of sensation 3. motor control

Major functions of hypothalamus

1. homeostatic regulation for temperature, thirst, food intake, fluid balance, and biological rhythms 2. relay station between nervous and endocrin systems 3. sex drive and sexual behavior 4. emotions and behavior patterns 5. sleep-wake cycles

Major functions of Cerebellum

1. balance 2. muscle tone 3. coordination of voluntary muscle activity

Major functions of brain stem

1. origin of most peripheral cranial nerves 2. control centers for cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive regulation 3. regulation of muscle reflexes for posture and equilibrium 4. some control of sleep-wake cycle 5. integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord 6. activation of cerebral cortex

Flow of CSF

1. choroid plexus 2. lateral ventricles (1 and 2) 3. roof of 3rd ventricle 4. roof of 4th ventricle 5. subarachnoid space 6. arachnoid granulation 7. intracranial sinuses 8. blood stream

purpose of CSF

1. bouyancy of CSF (physical protection) | 2. HCO3- buffer (chemical protection)

association tracts

contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

commissural tracts

contains axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one hemisphere to another

projection tracts

axons that conduct nerve impulses from cerebrun to lower CNS and vice versa

Where is subarachnoid space located?

between the arachnoid and pia mater

Diencephalon made up of

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland

Protection of CNS from most superficial to deep

skin --> aponeurosis --> periosteum --> bone --> dura mater --> arachnoid --> subarachnoid --> pia mater