L06_Nutrition 4 Flashcards
Common ailments in clinic
What is the primary focus of modern medicine according to the text?
Treating a symptom rather than finding the underlying cause
This approach can lead to suppressing the underlying imbalance.
What are fundamental factors to good health?
- Clean water
- Good nutrition
- Fresh air
- Exercise
- Sufficient rest / sleep
- Exposure to nature and natural light
- Goals in life
What are some obstacles to health?
- Exposure to chemicals and pollutants
- Lack of meaningful work
- Lack of harmonious social life
- Lack of Spirituality
- Overly-processed foods, smoking, coffee, sugar, alcohol
- Medications, vaccinations, drugs
- Poor digestion, high stress
- No fulfilment, no goals in life
What does ‘treat the individual NOT the disease’ imply?
Each client brings their own story; the same medical diagnosis can have different causes
This emphasizes the importance of personalized treatment.
Define endometriosis.
Endometrial tissue outside the uterus
The condition can be influenced by diet and environmental factors.
What are the predisposing factors for endometriosis mentioned?
- Inflammatory / acidic diet
- High oestrogen environment due to high cow’s dairy intake
- BPA (plastic) exposure
- Low-fibre diet
What are symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease associated with?
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhoea
- Bloating
- Urgency
- Rectal bleeding
What should be assessed to find the cause of a health issue?
- Predisposing factors to illness
- Triggering event / cause
- Individual’s lifestyle factors
What is the significance of plotting health events on a timeline?
It shows the progression of events leading to the onset of a condition
This helps identify potential triggers and contributing factors.
What factors should be considered to identify aggravating and relieving factors?
- Time of day, month, year
- Eating, sleeping, exercising
- Specific foods or beverages
- Application of hot, warm or cold
What are common symptoms of anxiety?
Feelings of unease such as worry, apprehension, and fear
These feelings can range from mild to severe.
What are the classifications of anxiety disorders?
- Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
- Panic disorder
- Social anxiety disorder
- Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
What are common causes and risk factors for anxiety disorders?
- Stressful life experiences
- Chronic stress
- Poor gut health
- Lack of essential nutrients
What role does magnesium play in anxiety management?
- Cofactor for GABA synthesis
- Essential for nerve transmission and muscle relaxation
- Low levels increase anxiety risk
Fill in the blank: A metabolic condition whereby body cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to _______.
[hyperglycaemia]
What is the typical progression of insulin levels in Type 2 diabetes?
Insulin levels are elevated initially, then decrease as the pancreas struggles to produce enough insulin
This reflects reduced insulin sensitivity.
What dietary factors are crucial for managing Type 2 diabetes?
- Attention to dietary patterns
- Exercise levels
What lifestyle factors are considered likely influences in the disease process of Type 2 diabetes?
Genetic influences and individual lifestyle choices
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
A metabolic condition whereby body cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to hyperglycaemia.
What typically signifies reduced insulin sensitivity in the early stages of Type 2 Diabetes?
Elevated insulin levels.
What is the role of the pancreas in Type 2 Diabetes as the condition progresses?
It becomes less able to produce sufficient insulin to meet high demands.
What is the common physical condition of most people with Type 2 Diabetes?
They are either overweight or obese.
What factors are central to the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes?
Dietary patterns and exercise levels.
How does a poor diet contribute to Type 2 Diabetes?
High intake of refined carbohydrates, high GI and GL foods, inadequate fibre, poor intake of antioxidant nutrients.
Define glycaemic index (GI).
A measure of how fast and how much a food raises blood glucose.
Define glycaemic load (GL).
Measures both the GI and how much carbohydrate is in the food.
What weight-related factors increase the risk of Type 2 Diabetes?
Being overweight or obese, particularly with central adiposity.
What are adipose cells in visceral fat known to secrete?
Inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and interleukin-6.
How does exercise affect insulin sensitivity?
It modulates the expression of inflammatory mediators and increases the release of anti-inflammatory proteins.
What protein hormone improves insulin sensitivity?
Adiponectin.
What dietary pattern has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity?
A plant-based, fibre-rich diet.
What are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their impact on Type 2 Diabetes?
They can negatively impact insulin receptors.
List three general nutritional aims for Type 2 Diabetes management.
- Avoid refined foods, alcohol, caffeine
- Replace with organic, complex carbohydrates and fibre-rich foods
- Include ample low GI/GL fruits and vegetables.
What role does chromium play in Type 2 Diabetes?
Increases sensitivity of the enzyme tyrosine kinase, facilitating insulin receptor activity.
What is the function of magnesium in relation to insulin?
Helps regulate insulin action and glucose uptake.
What are omega-3 fatty acids known to reduce?
Inflammation, protecting against insulin resistance.
How does Vitamin D impact insulin?
It plays a role in the synthesis and secretion of insulin.
What effect does cinnamon have on insulin receptors?
Increases the sensitivity of insulin receptors.
What characterizes Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?
Insulin resistance and excess androgens.
What is the relationship between insulin resistance and SHBG?
Insulin inhibits the liver’s production of SHBG, increasing levels of ‘free’ testosterone.
What is myo-inositol and its role in PCOS?
Improves insulin sensitivity and supports healthy body weight.
What are key dietary triggers for asthma and atopic dermatitis?
- Cow’s milk
- Shellfish
- Eggs
- Soy
- Peanuts
- Wheat
- Rye
- Barley
- Chocolate.
What is the significance of the Th1 and Th2 balance in immune health?
Disturbances can lead to atopic conditions and excessive inflammation.
What dietary components support good microflora colonization?
- Prebiotics (e.g., chicory root, garlic)
- Probiotics (e.g., kefir, sauerkraut).
What are SCFAs and their role in the gastrointestinal system?
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) fuel enterocytes and support the GI tight junctions.
Name five probiotics mentioned in the text.
- Kefir
- Sauerkraut
- Kimchi
- Kombucha
- Miso
What are the functions of Vitamin C?
- Antioxidant
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anti-histamine properties
- Aids collagen production
- Protects against exercise-induced asthma
What is the recommended daily intake of Vitamin D?
400-1000 IU/day
How does Vitamin E affect Th1 and Th2 balance?
Optimises Th1 and suppresses Th2, leading to a decrease in inflammation and serum IgE.
List three food sources of Omega-3 fatty acids.
- Cold water fish
- Chia seeds
- Walnuts
What is quercetin and its effects?
A naturally-occurring flavonoid with anti-inflammatory properties that down-regulates NF-κB and inhibits histamine release.
What role do Vitamins B3 and B6 play in asthma management?
- B3 decreases histamine release
- B6 linked to decreased frequency and severity of asthma attacks
What is the recommended daily intake of magnesium for asthma?
500-1000 mg/day
True or False: Ginger and turmeric are anti-inflammatory.
True
What is the function of zinc in the context of atopic dermatitis?
- Supports cellular replication
- Aids wound healing
- Supports tight junctions in the skin barrier
What are the nutritional recommendations for respiratory infections?
- Support immune system
- Provide anti-microbial agents
- Aid waste material removal
What is N-acetyl cysteine and its use?
A derivative of cysteine, used as an expectorant to break up mucus.
List the components of the Rosemary Garlic Lemon Cold Combo.
- Fresh rosemary
- Garlic
- Lemon
What are the symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Various symptoms during the luteal phase that resolve within the first few days of menstruation.
What nutritional deficits are linked to PMS?
- Low magnesium
- Low vitamin B6
What dietary recommendations can help manage PMS symptoms?
- Ensure stable blood glucose
- Avoid refined carbohydrates
- Include protein at each meal
- Good fiber intake
What is seed cycling and its purpose?
A method using phytoestrogens and nutrients from seeds to regulate estrogen and progesterone levels.
What is seed cycling?
A method of using specific seeds to support hormonal balance during the menstrual cycle
Involves consuming flaxseeds and pumpkin seeds in the first half and sesame and sunflower seeds in the second half of the cycle.
What are phytoestrogens?
Plant-derived compounds with structural similarity to oestradiol
What is the recommended daily intake of zinc for supporting progesterone production?
25‒60 mg / day
What is the role of evening primrose oil in managing PMS?
Provides gamma linolenic acid (GLA), which inhibits prolactin and improves PMS symptoms
Which B vitamin is especially important for progesterone production?
Vitamin B6
List three food sources of Vitamin B complex.
- Whole grains
- Green vegetables
- Salmon
Fill in the blank: Magnesium is needed for the synthesis of _______.
[GABA and serotonin]
What are common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
- Shorter urethra in women
- Increased sexual activity
- Antibiotic use
- Menopause
- Elderly age
What is D-mannose and its role in urinary tract infections?
A naturally-occurring simple sugar that inhibits adherence of pathogenic bacteria to the bladder wall
What dosage of Vitamin C is recommended for urinary tract infections?
500‒5000 mg / day in divided doses
True or False: Vitamin A helps maintain the integrity of the urinary tract mucous membrane.
True
What is the function of zinc in relation to immunity?
Increases phagocyte, natural killer cell, and T- and B-cell activity
What is the recommended daily intake of iodine?
150‒400 mcg / day
List two key nutrients required for the conversion of T4 to T3.
- Selenium
- Zinc
What role does selenium play in thyroid function?
Needed for the conversion of T4 to T3 and acts as an antioxidant
What is the significance of iron in thyroid hormone synthesis?
Needed for the activity of thyroid peroxidase enzyme, which synthesizes thyroid hormones
How does magnesium affect PMS symptoms?
Shown to reduce anxiety related PMS symptoms
Outline the process of seed cycling.
Consume 1 tbsp flaxseeds and pumpkin seeds in the follicular phase and 1 tbsp sesame and sunflower seeds in the luteal phase
What are the food sources of Co-enzyme Q10?
- Sesame seeds
- Nuts
- Olive oil
- Oranges
What is the recommended dosage of evening primrose oil for PMS?
1500 mg daily for three months
Fill in the blank: Castor oil packs can ease muscle cramping when placed on the _______.
[lower abdomen]
What is the primary function of vitamin C in the immune system?
Regulates lymphocytes, phagocytes, and natural killer cells
List two food sources of vitamin A.
- Liver
- Carrots
What is the relationship between stress and thyroid hormone levels?
Excess cortisol from stress depletes thyroid hormones
What is recommended for re-inoculating vaginal bacteria after a UTI?
Apply 1‒2 tsp. of probiotic yogurt daily to the area for 1 week
What is the focus of the study by Lepretti et al. (2018)?
Omega-3 fatty acids and insulin resistance
The study highlights the regulation of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
What mineral is discussed in the Linus Pauling Institute’s 2020 publication?
Chromium
Available online at Oregon State University’s Linus Pauling Institute.
What is the significance of regular Chinese green tea consumption according to Ma et al. (2015)?
Protective for diabetic retinopathy
This conclusion is based on a clinic-based case-control study.
What is the main topic of Mahboubi’s 2019 study?
Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Oil in Management of Female Ailments
Published in the Journal of Menopausal Medicine.
What is the focus of the review by Matineau et al. (2019)?
Vitamin D for the management of asthma
A systematic review conducted by The Cochrane Collaboration.
What relationship does Murphy & Mercer (2013) explore?
Diet-regulated anxiety
Discusses how dietary choices can influence anxiety levels.
What is the contribution of myo-inositol according to Papaleo et al. (2009)?
Contribution to reproduction
Highlighted in the European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.
What do Rohling et al. (2016) examine?
Influence of acute and chronic exercise on glucose uptake
Published in the Journal of Diabetes Research.
What findings are reported by Russo (2011) regarding zinc and copper?
Decreased zinc and increased copper in individuals with anxiety
Published in Nutrition and Metabolic Insights.
Which vitamins are highlighted by Mora et al. (2008) for their effects on the immune system?
Vitamins A and D
Discussed in Nature Reviews Immunology.
What is the topic of Rolfes et al. (2006)?
Understanding normal and clinical nutrition
A textbook published by Thomson/Wadsworth.
What does Sharma & Tripathi (2019) discuss regarding the gut microbiome?
Gut microbiome and Type 2 diabetes
Explores past studies and future directions in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.
What effect does calcium have according to Shobeiri et al. (2017)?
Effect on premenstrual syndrome
Findings from a double-blind randomized clinical trial published in Obstetrics & Gynecology Science.
SQ: Outline the process of seed cycling. Why would this be used?
SQ: Outline how you would do a simple elimination diet with a patient.
SQ: State ONE mineral that supports the activity of insulin receptors, and give TWO food sources of this mineral.
SQ: Explain the benefits of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections and provide THREE good food sources.
SQ: Outline why D-mannose is helpful for urinary tract infections and provide a dosage regime for an active infection.
SQ: Name TWO key nutrients required for the conversion of T4 to T3, with food sources
