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LA Gastroenterology (Spring 2015) > L03: Ruminant Gastro 1 (Sanchez) > Flashcards

L03: Ruminant Gastro 1 (Sanchez) Flashcards

1
Q

Components of ruminant PE

A
  • external palp. of rumen fill, stratification
  • auscultation of rumen contractions
  • simultaneosu auscultation/percussion (“pinging”) of abd. bilaterall
  • rectal exam
  • tests for abd. pain: Grunt, withers pinch
  • oral exam (last)
  • observe for rumination
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2
Q

how does saliva influence pH sample of rumen?

A

-falsely increases pH of sample

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3
Q

diseases of forestomach in ruminants

A 
indigestion
free gas bloat
frothy bloat
traumatic reticuloperitonitis (Hardware Disease/TRP)
vagal indigestion
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4
Q

normal rumen pH

A

6.5-7.5

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5
Q

components of rumen analysis

A

pH

wet mount of protozoa to assess population/motility

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6
Q

CS of SIMPLE indigestion

A

depression
diminished appetite
dec. rumen contractions
rumen distention

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7
Q

CS of SEVERE indigestion

A 
sudden, dramatic change in attitude
dec. appetite
dec. milk prod.
recumbency
dehydration
complete rumen stasis w/ gas cap
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8
Q

CS indigestion with lactic acidosis

A 
anorexia
dehydration
inc. HR/RR
recumbency
complete GI stasis
Bloat
semi-coma/coma
blindness
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9
Q

What happens to rumen flora when rumen pH drops?

A

microbial death (except S. bovis); contents become milky and have sour, fermented odor

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10
Q

consequence of switch from high forage/low concentrate diet to ingestion of grain

A

fermentation of strep bovis and lactobacillus acidophilus -> form. of D-lactate and L-lactate.

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11
Q

D-lactate –>

A

chemical rumenitis, osmotic influx of fluid

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12
Q

L-lactate –>

A

utilized by host

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13
Q

Dx of indigestion

A 
Rumen fluid analysis
Lab data: lactic acidosis:
-high anion gap acidosis
-dec. Ca/Mg
-hemoconcentration (inc. PCV and Hb)
-neutropenia and toxicity
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14
Q

Tx of simple/severe indigestion

A

-ruminotoric (promotes forestomach fermentation and motility): laxatives
-Calcium
-good quality forage
+/- transfaunation (transfer of ruminal fluid from another cow)
+/- thiamine (to dec. risk of getting neuro problems from vitamin B1 deficiency)

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15
Q

Tx of lactic acidosis indigestion

A 
IV fluids
Rumenotomy
Transfaunation
Ca/Mg
Thiamine, NSAID
Abx
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16
Q

Prognosis of indigestion

A

simple/severe: good

lactic acidosis: high mortality (30-90%) often w/n 48 hrs

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17
Q

indigestion sequelae

A
  • fungal or bacterial rumenitis
  • rumen necrosis
  • peritonitis
  • hepatic abscess
  • vena cava thrombosis
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18
Q

prevention of indigestion

A

gradually introduce grains

lots of good roughage

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19
Q

free gas bloat

A
  • eructation or rumen outflow failure

- recurrent prob. in animals on high grain diet

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20
Q

incidence of free gas bloat in calves <6 mo.

A

occurs after bronchopneumonia or as recurrent problem

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21
Q

CS of free gas bloat

A
  • marked abd. distention (char. by L sided ping, large rumen gas cap)
  • sudden death
  • bloat line on necropsy (pale thoracic esophagus, congested cervical esophagus)
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22
Q

Tx of free gas bloat

A
  • pass stomach tube to remove gas and admin. antacic-ruminotoric mixtures
  • avoid trocharization if possible (can –> 2ary peritonitis)
  • ID underlying problem (ie. rumen fistula in calves?)
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23
Q

Frothy bloat

A

Production of stable foam that traps gas due to ingestion of lush pasture (ie. legumes) that is high in chloroplast membrane fragments and soluble protein
-blocks cardia/esophageal sphincter and prevents eructation

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24
Q

CS of Frothy Bloat

A

same as free gas bloat except no ping

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25
Tx of frothy bloat
1) anti-foaming agent: poloxalene, dioctyl sodium succinate, veggie oil 2) oral fluids 3) Ca (important for GI motility)
26
traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) most common during what life stages?
late preg, parturition
27
possible outcomes of TRP
Ingested objects: - sit harmlessly - small perforation --> local peritonitis - large perforation --> generalized peritonitis - perforate reticular wall and D
28
CS of acute TRP
- sudden drop milk prod. - anorexia, lethargy - dec. fecal output - fever - inc. HR/RR - cranial abd pain
29
signs of cranial abd pain in cows
+ grunt or withers pinch test | abducted elbows, arched stance
30
CS of localized TRP
- variable focal abd. pain | - resolving anorexia/fever
31
CS of chronic TRP
- weight loss - poor lactation - rough hair coat - vagal indigestion
32
Dx of TRP
-Hx/PE -Lab data: Acute: leukopenia Chronic: leukocytosis, inc. fibrinogen/globulin -peritoneal fluid analysis -abd. U/S -reticular rads
33
Tx of TRP
- stall confinement - admin. magnet - broad-spec. abx - fluids, electrolytes, NSAIDs
34
Vagal indigestion
syndrome char. by disruption to forestomach emptying (ie. failure of omasal transport or abomasal emptying)
35
predisposing factors for vagal indigestion
- adhesions from TRP | - irritation of vagal n.
36
CS of vagal indigestion
- red. feed intake w/ normal water consumption - dec. milk prod. - bradycardia - variable rumen sounds - "Papple" shape
37
Dx of vagal indigestion
- Hx/PE - Normal lab data in case of omasal transport failure - Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in case of abomasal transit disruption - Rumen analysis - U/S - Rads (to look for TRP)
38
explain how vagal indigestion --> metabolic alkalosis**
1) HCl still produced in abomasum, but can't go into duodenum so builds up. 2) fluid eventually backs up into rumen --> rumen pH increase 3) as part of countercurrent exchange, bicarb is absorbed into blood as HCl is made in abomasum --> metabolic alkalosis
39
Differentials of vagal indigestion
- indigestion - bloat (gas or frothy) - omasal or abomasal impaction and/or SI obstruction - exploratory laparotomy
40
prog. of vagal indigestion
- extremely poor if assoc. with adhesion form. or neoplasia | - preg. animals usually improve after calving
41
types of abomasal displacement
LDA RDA RTA (right-sided displacement with volvulus)
42
LDA
abomasum lodges between rumen and L abd. wall - results in partial pyloric obstruction - most common in lactating dairy cattle soon after calving
43
predisposing factors for LDA
diet hypoCa genetics concurrent illness
44
CS of LDA
``` dec. milk prod. L-sided ping dec. appetite altered feces distant rumen contractions ```
45
Dx of LDA
``` Hx L-sided ping Ketosis, aciduria HypoK/Ca +/- Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis ```
46
Tx of LDA
- fluids (oral with Ca) - sx correction (R paralumbar omentopexy) - rolling
47
disadvantage of rolling LDA
can have recurrence, not commonly done
48
RDA
abomasum migrates dorsally on the right --> partial pyloric obstruction
49
Dx of RDA
R-sided ping | Lab findings similar to LDA
50
Tx of RDA
sx correction (R flank omentopexy)
51
Differentials of R-sided ping
RDA Abomasal Volvulus Cecal dilatation/volvulus Gas in spiral colon, duodenum, rectum, uterus, rumen, or peritoneum
52
Abomasal Volvulus usually occurs in what direction?
counterclockwise, so that pylorus ends up near reticulum
53
CS of abomasal volvulus
more dramatic lethargy, dehydration, inc. HR/RR
54
Tx of abomasal volvulus
R flank omentopexy R paramedian abomasopexy fluid resuscitation
55
Prog. of abomasal volvulus
lower the outcome
56
AV sequelae
- atony/failure of abomasal emptying - abomasal impaction - vagal indigestion
57
2 main types of abomasal ulceration
non-perforated, perforated
58
T/F: typically bleeding ulcers don't perf and perf ulcers don't bleed
T
59
CS of abomasal ulceration
- similar to TRP (anorexia, fever, rumen stasis, focal abd. pain, bruxism) - bleeding, non-perf ulcers: dark tarry feces, pale mm, rapid pulse, weakness, cool extremities
60
Dx of abomasal ulceration
``` Hx/PE Peritoneal tap Leukocytosis/leukopenia (peritonitis) Anemia, hypoproteinemia Ultrasound ```
61
Tx of abomasal ulceration
- high quality forage, no grain - stall confine. - abx. - anti-acid drugs - blood transfusion - prog. poor if perf; good if bleeding but not perf.

LA Gastroenterology (Spring 2015) (6 decks)

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