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LA Gastroenterology (Spring 2015) > L03: Ruminant Gastro 1 (Sanchez) > Flashcards

L03: Ruminant Gastro 1 (Sanchez) Flashcards

1
Q

Components of ruminant PE

A
  • external palp. of rumen fill, stratification
  • auscultation of rumen contractions
  • simultaneosu auscultation/percussion (“pinging”) of abd. bilaterall
  • rectal exam
  • tests for abd. pain: Grunt, withers pinch
  • oral exam (last)
  • observe for rumination
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2
Q

how does saliva influence pH sample of rumen?

A

-falsely increases pH of sample

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3
Q

diseases of forestomach in ruminants

A 
indigestion
free gas bloat
frothy bloat
traumatic reticuloperitonitis (Hardware Disease/TRP)
vagal indigestion
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4
Q

normal rumen pH

A

6.5-7.5

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5
Q

components of rumen analysis

A

pH

wet mount of protozoa to assess population/motility

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6
Q

CS of SIMPLE indigestion

A

depression
diminished appetite
dec. rumen contractions
rumen distention

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7
Q

CS of SEVERE indigestion

A 
sudden, dramatic change in attitude
dec. appetite
dec. milk prod.
recumbency
dehydration
complete rumen stasis w/ gas cap
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8
Q

CS indigestion with lactic acidosis

A 
anorexia
dehydration
inc. HR/RR
recumbency
complete GI stasis
Bloat
semi-coma/coma
blindness
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9
Q

What happens to rumen flora when rumen pH drops?

A

microbial death (except S. bovis); contents become milky and have sour, fermented odor

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10
Q

consequence of switch from high forage/low concentrate diet to ingestion of grain

A

fermentation of strep bovis and lactobacillus acidophilus -> form. of D-lactate and L-lactate.

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11
Q

D-lactate –>

A

chemical rumenitis, osmotic influx of fluid

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12
Q

L-lactate –>

A

utilized by host

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13
Q

Dx of indigestion

A 
Rumen fluid analysis
Lab data: lactic acidosis:
-high anion gap acidosis
-dec. Ca/Mg
-hemoconcentration (inc. PCV and Hb)
-neutropenia and toxicity
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14
Q

Tx of simple/severe indigestion

A

-ruminotoric (promotes forestomach fermentation and motility): laxatives
-Calcium
-good quality forage
+/- transfaunation (transfer of ruminal fluid from another cow)
+/- thiamine (to dec. risk of getting neuro problems from vitamin B1 deficiency)

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15
Q

Tx of lactic acidosis indigestion

A 
IV fluids
Rumenotomy
Transfaunation
Ca/Mg
Thiamine, NSAID
Abx
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16
Q

Prognosis of indigestion

A

simple/severe: good

lactic acidosis: high mortality (30-90%) often w/n 48 hrs

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17
Q

indigestion sequelae

A
  • fungal or bacterial rumenitis
  • rumen necrosis
  • peritonitis
  • hepatic abscess
  • vena cava thrombosis
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18
Q

prevention of indigestion

A

gradually introduce grains

lots of good roughage

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19
Q

free gas bloat

A
  • eructation or rumen outflow failure

- recurrent prob. in animals on high grain diet

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20
Q

incidence of free gas bloat in calves <6 mo.

A

occurs after bronchopneumonia or as recurrent problem

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21
Q

CS of free gas bloat

A
  • marked abd. distention (char. by L sided ping, large rumen gas cap)
  • sudden death
  • bloat line on necropsy (pale thoracic esophagus, congested cervical esophagus)
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22
Q

Tx of free gas bloat

A
  • pass stomach tube to remove gas and admin. antacic-ruminotoric mixtures
  • avoid trocharization if possible (can –> 2ary peritonitis)
  • ID underlying problem (ie. rumen fistula in calves?)
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23
Q

Frothy bloat

A

Production of stable foam that traps gas due to ingestion of lush pasture (ie. legumes) that is high in chloroplast membrane fragments and soluble protein
-blocks cardia/esophageal sphincter and prevents eructation

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24
Q

CS of Frothy Bloat

A

same as free gas bloat except no ping

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25
Q

Tx of frothy bloat

A

1) anti-foaming agent: poloxalene, dioctyl sodium succinate, veggie oil
2) oral fluids
3) Ca (important for GI motility)

26
Q

traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) most common during what life stages?

A

late preg, parturition

27
Q

possible outcomes of TRP

A

Ingested objects:

  • sit harmlessly
  • small perforation –> local peritonitis
  • large perforation –> generalized peritonitis
  • perforate reticular wall and D
28
Q

CS of acute TRP

A
  • sudden drop milk prod.
  • anorexia, lethargy
  • dec. fecal output
  • fever
  • inc. HR/RR
  • cranial abd pain
29
Q

signs of cranial abd pain in cows

A

+ grunt or withers pinch test

abducted elbows, arched stance

30
Q

CS of localized TRP

A
  • variable focal abd. pain

- resolving anorexia/fever

31
Q

CS of chronic TRP

A
  • weight loss
  • poor lactation
  • rough hair coat
  • vagal indigestion
32
Q

Dx of TRP

A

-Hx/PE
-Lab data:
Acute: leukopenia
Chronic: leukocytosis, inc. fibrinogen/globulin
-peritoneal fluid analysis
-abd. U/S
-reticular rads

33
Q

Tx of TRP

A
  • stall confinement
  • admin. magnet
  • broad-spec. abx
  • fluids, electrolytes, NSAIDs
34
Q

Vagal indigestion

A

syndrome char. by disruption to forestomach emptying (ie. failure of omasal transport or abomasal emptying)

35
Q

predisposing factors for vagal indigestion

A
  • adhesions from TRP

- irritation of vagal n.

36
Q

CS of vagal indigestion

A
  • red. feed intake w/ normal water consumption
  • dec. milk prod.
  • bradycardia
  • variable rumen sounds
  • “Papple” shape
37
Q

Dx of vagal indigestion

A
  • Hx/PE
  • Normal lab data in case of omasal transport failure
  • Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in case of abomasal transit disruption
  • Rumen analysis
  • U/S
  • Rads (to look for TRP)
38
Q

explain how vagal indigestion –> metabolic alkalosis**

A

1) HCl still produced in abomasum, but can’t go into duodenum so builds up.
2) fluid eventually backs up into rumen –> rumen pH increase
3) as part of countercurrent exchange, bicarb is absorbed into blood as HCl is made in abomasum –> metabolic alkalosis

39
Q

Differentials of vagal indigestion

A
  • indigestion
  • bloat (gas or frothy)
  • omasal or abomasal impaction and/or SI obstruction
  • exploratory laparotomy
40
Q

prog. of vagal indigestion

A
  • extremely poor if assoc. with adhesion form. or neoplasia

- preg. animals usually improve after calving

41
Q

types of abomasal displacement

A

LDA
RDA
RTA (right-sided displacement with volvulus)

42
Q

LDA

A

abomasum lodges between rumen and L abd. wall

  • results in partial pyloric obstruction
  • most common in lactating dairy cattle soon after calving
43
Q

predisposing factors for LDA

A

diet
hypoCa
genetics
concurrent illness

44
Q

CS of LDA

A 
dec. milk prod.
L-sided ping
dec. appetite
altered feces
distant rumen contractions
45
Q

Dx of LDA

A 
Hx
L-sided ping
Ketosis, aciduria
HypoK/Ca
\+/- Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
46
Q

Tx of LDA

A
  • fluids (oral with Ca)
  • sx correction (R paralumbar omentopexy)
  • rolling
47
Q

disadvantage of rolling LDA

A

can have recurrence, not commonly done

48
Q

RDA

A

abomasum migrates dorsally on the right –> partial pyloric obstruction

49
Q

Dx of RDA

A

R-sided ping

Lab findings similar to LDA

50
Q

Tx of RDA

A

sx correction (R flank omentopexy)

51
Q

Differentials of R-sided ping

A

RDA
Abomasal Volvulus
Cecal dilatation/volvulus
Gas in spiral colon, duodenum, rectum, uterus, rumen, or peritoneum

52
Q

Abomasal Volvulus usually occurs in what direction?

A

counterclockwise, so that pylorus ends up near reticulum

53
Q

CS of abomasal volvulus

A

more dramatic lethargy, dehydration, inc. HR/RR

54
Q

Tx of abomasal volvulus

A

R flank omentopexy
R paramedian abomasopexy
fluid resuscitation

55
Q

Prog. of abomasal volvulus

A

lower the outcome

56
Q

AV sequelae

A
  • atony/failure of abomasal emptying
  • abomasal impaction
  • vagal indigestion
57
Q

2 main types of abomasal ulceration

A

non-perforated, perforated

58
Q

T/F: typically bleeding ulcers don’t perf and perf ulcers don’t bleed

A

T

59
Q

CS of abomasal ulceration

A
  • similar to TRP (anorexia, fever, rumen stasis, focal abd. pain, bruxism)
  • bleeding, non-perf ulcers: dark tarry feces, pale mm, rapid pulse, weakness, cool extremities
60
Q

Dx of abomasal ulceration

A 
Hx/PE
Peritoneal tap
Leukocytosis/leukopenia (peritonitis)
Anemia, hypoproteinemia
Ultrasound
61
Q

Tx of abomasal ulceration

A
  • high quality forage, no grain
  • stall confine.
  • abx.
  • anti-acid drugs
  • blood transfusion
  • prog. poor if perf; good if bleeding but not perf.

LA Gastroenterology (Spring 2015) (6 decks)

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