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MCBM Part 2 > Kuehn - fetal period and developmental abnormalities > Flashcards

Kuehn - fetal period and developmental abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

what is the umbilical vesicle “yolk sac”

A

early nutrient transfer to developing embryo, formation of germinal cells, and earliest site of blood cell development

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2
Q

what is the amniotic membrane

A

contains the amniotic fluid

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3
Q

where does the amniotic fluid come from

A

placenta, amniotic membrane, embryonic urine, and guts

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4
Q

what is the function of the amniotic fluid

A

protects from injury, prevents fetal/amnion fusion, permits symmetrical growth of NBI limbs, regulates temperature and fluid exchange

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5
Q

what is the term for when amniotic fluids are too low

A

oligohydramnios

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6
Q

what are the consequences of oligohydramnios

A

poor renal function in fetus, club foot/club hands or hypolasmic lungs (too small to function after birth)

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7
Q

what is polyhydramnios

A

too much amniotic fluid

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8
Q

what are the consequences of polyhydramnios

A

esophageal atresia, cord prolapse and placental abruption

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9
Q

what is the chorion

A

space between amnion and uterus - filled with fluid early in life and will disappear

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10
Q

what are the chorionic villi for

A

increase surface area - collect nutrients from maternal blood

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11
Q

what separates the pleural and pericardial cavities

A

pleuropericardial membrane

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12
Q

what does the pleuropericardial membrane become after it closes as a hole

A

pleuropericardial canal

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13
Q

what does the pleruoperitoneal membrane incorporate into

A

the diaphragm

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14
Q

what happens with congenital diaphragmatic herniation

A

left pleuroperitoneal membrane fails to complete its attachments and structures in left upper abdomen will herniate into left pleural cavity (lung on that side will fail to grow)

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15
Q

at what weight is a premature birth viable

A

more than 500 grams (1 lb)

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16
Q

what are 2 ways to determine age of fetus

A

LMP (LNMP- last normal menstrual period) or estimated day of fertility = LMP - 2 weeks

17
Q

how long is a trimester

A

about 13 weeks

18
Q

what happens in the 1st trimester

A

most critical part of development

19
Q

what trimester can a fetus survive outside the womb

A

3rd trimester

20
Q

what is the difference between previable and viable

A

previable = the fetus’ lungs aren’t fully developed and cannot survive outside womb, viable = developed enough to survive

21
Q

when can you first feel fetal movements

A

17-20 weeks

22
Q

what is a dizygotic (fraternal) twin

A

2 seperate oocytes fertilized independently = 2 seperate fetus

23
Q

what is a monozygotic (identical) twin

A

1 zygote or blastocyte divides = 2 embryos with same DNA

24
Q

what is the safest procedure for testing for defects

A

ultrasound - high frequency sounds bounce off fetus

25
Q

when would you use amniocentisis testing and what does it do

A

after age 35 - at 15-20 weeks (early 11-13 weeks) sample amniotic fluid and cells - keryotyping or biochemical tests

26
Q

what does a chronic villus sample (CVS) do and when would you do it

A

collects chorionic villus cells for karyotyping - at 10-12 weeks

27
Q

what is the fetoscopy test and when is it used

A

endoscope in amnion - used in unusual circumstances (twin-twin transfusion)

28
Q

what 2 tests are hazardous to an early fetus (can be used late 3rd trimester)

A

X-ray and CT scan

29
Q

when are defects so severe the result is death

A

1st 2 weeks

30
Q

what time period are defects organogenesis and have serious malformations

A

weeks 3-8

31
Q

what is a cleft

A

failure of fusion

32
Q

what is agenisis

A

failure of an organ to develop

33
Q

what is ectopy

A

abnormal location of development

34
Q

what is stenosis

A

abnormal narrowing

35
Q

what is a fistula

A

abnormal connection

36
Q

what is a cyst

A

abnormal fluid-containing structure

37
Q

what is atresia

A

a blind tube

MCBM Part 2 (15 decks)

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