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Marine Bio > Knowlege Check 4 > Flashcards

Knowlege Check 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Host vs. Symbiont

A

Host: larger
Symbiont: smaller

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2
Q

Commensalism

Ex.) 🐳

A
  • symbiont: +
  • host: 0/unaffected

Ex.) barnacle: filter feeds + shelter
🐳 unaffected

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3
Q

Parasitism

Ex.) 🐳

A
  • Symbiont: +
  • Host: -
    Ex.) Tapeworm: food + shelter
    🐳 gets weaker
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4
Q

True or false: Symbiosis can cause indirect interactions

A

True

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5
Q

Mutualism

Ex.)

A
  • Symbiont: +
  • Host: +
    Ex.) cleaning associations
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6
Q

Facultative symbiosis

A

members can survive without each other

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7
Q

Obligate symbiosis

A

1 or both members depend on each other

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8
Q

Do seaweeds have larval stages?

A

No. Spores.

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9
Q

Larval survival factors

A
  • oceanographic and weather conditions
  • availability of food
  • predators
  • pollution
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10
Q

Habitat

A

The natural environment where an organism lives

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11
Q

Characteristics of habitats that affect organisms

A
  • light
  • temp
  • salinity
  • waves, currents, tides
  • type of bottom
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12
Q

Recruitment

A

Addition of new members to a population

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13
Q

How do drifting larvae reach their habitat?

A

Currents

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14
Q

True or false: larvae can be near birthplace

A

True

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15
Q

How do larvae stay near their birthplace?

A
  • sound
  • smell
  • water layers without currents
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16
Q

True or false: populations don’t depend on larvae recruitment

A

False

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17
Q

How do larvae settle in the right place?

A
  • test bottom (bottom-dwellers)

- chemicals of host/adult

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18
Q

Benthic/Benthos

A

Live at/attached/ near bottom

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19
Q

Movement categories in benthos

A

Sessile: stationary
Mobile: moves

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20
Q

Pelagic

A

Live in water column

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21
Q

Pelagic subdivisions

A
  • plankton

- nekton

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22
Q

Plankton

A

drifters and weak swimmers (can’t swim against a current)

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23
Q

Phytoplankton

A
  • primary producers
  • planktonic algae
  • autotrophs
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24
Q

Zooplankton

A

Heterotrophic plankton

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25
Q

Nekton

A

Can swim against a current

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26
Q

Nektonic animals

A
  • mostly vertebrates

- invertebrates: squids

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27
Q

True or false: All nekton are pelagic

A

False. Rays are benthic and nekton

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28
Q

Zonation

A

Depth and position on continental shelf

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29
Q

Intertidal zone aka

A

Littoral zone

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30
Q

Intertidal zone

A
  • Shallowest part of shelf
  • between land and sea
  • exposed at low tide
  • submerged at high tide
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31
Q

True or false: plankton can swim

A

True

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32
Q

Subtidal zone

+ aka

A
  • Below intertidal

- sublittoral zone

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33
Q

Zones of benthos away from shelf

What are these collectively called?

A
  • bathyal
  • abyssal
  • hadal
  • deep-sea floor
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34
Q

Neritic zone

A

Pelagic environment over shelf

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35
Q

Oceanic zone

A

Pelagic water beyond shelf break

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36
Q

Epipelagic zone

A
  • shallowest
  • lots of β˜€οΈ for part of yr
  • up to 200 m
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37
Q

True or false: nearly all neritic waters lie in the epipelagic

A

True

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38
Q

Mesopelagic

A
  • under epipelagic
  • lack of β˜€οΈ for primary producers
  • up to 1000 m
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39
Q

Bathypelagic

A
  • no β˜€οΈ

- under mesopelagic

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40
Q

Abyssopelagic

A
  • no β˜€οΈ

- under bathypelagic

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41
Q

Hadopelagic

A
  • no β˜€οΈ

- under abyssopelagic

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42
Q

Different zones (figure 10.12)

A

πŸ“

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43
Q

Do all autotrophs use sunlight?

A

No

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44
Q

Heterotroph

A

Eat organic matter made by autotrophs

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45
Q

What is passed on when an organism eats another organism?

A
  • organic matter

- energy

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46
Q

Primary producers

A

Autotroph that makes the food

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47
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that eat food made by autotrophs

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48
Q

Food chain

A

Transfer of energy through a line of organisms

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49
Q

Trophic level

A

Step in food chain

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50
Q

Food web

A

Interconnected food chains

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51
Q

Other way of saying primary consumers, etc.

A

First level/1 (degree symbol)

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52
Q

Food chain vs. food web vs. food pyramid

A

πŸ“

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53
Q

Top 5 environments with the most primary production

A
  1. Coral reefs
  2. Salt marshes
  3. Seagrass beds
  4. Tropical rain forests
  5. Kelp beds
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54
Q

Is all of the energy passed on to upper levels? Why?

A

No. Most of energy used for metabolic processes and lost as heat.

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55
Q

Pyramid of energy

A
  • Trophic structure of ecosystem

- energy transferred

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56
Q

Abundance of top trophic levels

A
  • small population

- less energy

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57
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

Trophic pyramid with numbers of organisms and energyοΏΌ

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58
Q

Pyramid of biomass

A
  • Trophic pyramid with biomass for each level

- productive

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59
Q

Biomass

A

Total weight of tissue

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60
Q

How much biomass do primary producers need to make to support primary consumers?

A

10x as much

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61
Q

What organic material lost to?

A
  • fungi
  • decay bacteria
  • decomposers
  • waste
  • spilled during feeding
  • leaks from cells (diffusion)
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62
Q

How much biomass makes it to secondary consumers?

A

1/10

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63
Q

Organic matter in water vs solid state

A
  • DOM

- detritus

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64
Q

Nutrient regeneration

A
  • Decomposers release nutrients from organic matter
  • available to primary producers
  • ♻️
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65
Q

True or false: total biomass of parasites isn’t equal to the biomass of top predators

A

False

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66
Q

Productivity

A

Amount of fixed carbon under a square meter of the sea surface in a day/yr

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67
Q

Gross primary production

A

Total carbon made by primary producers

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68
Q

Net primary production

A

Energy left over

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69
Q

Standing stock

A

Total of phytoplankton

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70
Q

Can the pyramid of numbers be inverted?

A

Yes

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71
Q

True or false: the pyramid of biomass and energy always holds true

A

True

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72
Q

How to measure standing stock

A
  • Concentration of chlorophyll in water
  • fluorometer
  • color images via satellite
  • correction factors
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73
Q

Are currents visible? Waves? Tides?

A
  • no
  • yes
  • yes
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74
Q

What drives surface currents? What causes waves?

A

Wind

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75
Q

Crest

A

Highest part of wave

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76
Q

Trough

A

Lowest part of wave

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77
Q

Height (waves)

A

Vertical distance between crest (top) and trough (bottom)

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78
Q

Wavelength

A

Horizontal distance between adjacent crests

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79
Q

Period

A

Time for a wave to go by a point

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80
Q

How does water move when under a crest? Trough? As a whole?

A

Crest: up and forward πŸ“
Trough: down and back πŸ“
Whole: circles

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81
Q

Do water particles in a wave move with the wave? What do waves carry?

A

No. Energy across surface.

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82
Q

Figure 3.26 (label parts of wave)

A

πŸ“

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83
Q

What does the size of a wave depend on?

A

Fetch

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84
Q

Fetch

A

Span of open water that the wind blows over

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85
Q

Seas

A

Wind blows crest into sharp peak and trough is stretched

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86
Q

Figure 3.28. Where is the fetch longer? What does this mean?

A

Bigger 🌊

πŸ“

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87
Q

True or false: waves move away from where they are generated at the same speed of the wind

A

False. Faster

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88
Q

Swells

A
  • result of moving away from πŸ’¨

- smooth and round crests and troughs

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89
Q

Surf

A
  1. Approach shallow water
  2. Bottom slows waves (surge)
  3. Short wavelength
  4. Steep and high (pile up)
  5. Break
  6. Energy expended on shoreline
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90
Q

What is a surge?

A

Back n forth (flat oval πŸ₯ž)

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91
Q

Figure 3.29

A

πŸ“

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92
Q

Why is the sea surface a jumble?

A
  • different places
  • mixture of waves
  • different speeds of πŸ’¨
  • different directions
  • different periods
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93
Q

Wave cancellation

A
  • Crest meets another wave’s trough

- surface between the two

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94
Q

Wave reinforcement

A
  • Two crest collide to make higher 🌊

- can make rogue waves

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95
Q

Tides

A

Rhythmic pattern of οΏΌthe rising and falling of sea surface

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96
Q

Tide influence

A
  • expose
  • submerge
  • circulate bays and estuaries
  • trigger spawning
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97
Q

Why are there tides?

A
  • gravitational pull of πŸŒžπŸŒ™

- rotations of πŸŒžπŸŒ™πŸŒ

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98
Q

Gravitational pull of πŸŒ™ on the sides of 🌍 and πŸ’§

A

Closest to πŸŒ™: strongest; pulls πŸ’§ to it

Farthest from πŸŒ™: weakest, centrifugal force

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99
Q

Centrifugal force

A

Pulls πŸ’§ in the opposite direction of πŸŒ™

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100
Q

True or false: πŸŒ™ revolves around 🌍. Why?

A

False. Revolve around combined center of mass.

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101
Q

High or low tide? Figure 3.34

A

πŸ“

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102
Q

True or false: every point on 🌍 has a high and low tide

A

True

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103
Q

High vs. low tide

A

High: under bulge
Low: between bulges

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104
Q

Full tidal cycle

A

24 hrs 50 min

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105
Q

Effect of 🌞on tides

A

Half as πŸ’ͺ🏼 as πŸŒ™

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106
Q

Spring tides

A
  • 🌞 πŸŒ™ aligned
  • full and new moons
  • large tidal range
  • large bulges
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107
Q

True or false: spring tides only occur in spring

A

False

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108
Q

Tidal range

A

Difference in water levels between high and low tides

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109
Q

Neap tides

A
  • πŸŒ™ 🌞 at right angles
  • 1St and 3rd quarter
  • small tidal range
  • small bulges
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110
Q

Figure 3.33 (types of tides)

A

πŸ“

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111
Q

Semidiurnal tides

A

2 high and low tides a day (same height)

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112
Q

Mixed semidiurnal tide

A

Successive high tides of different heights

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113
Q

Diurnal tides

A
  • 1 high and low tide a day

- uncommon

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114
Q

What affects tides?

A
  • continents
  • islands
  • bottom topography
  • ridges
  • basins
  • canyons
  • reefs
  • orbit of πŸŒ™πŸŒž and other πŸͺ
  • weather
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115
Q

Tide tables

A
  • Made from observations with theoretical equations

- predict time and height of tides

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116
Q

Figure 3.34 (types of tides)

A

πŸ“

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117
Q

Intertidal zone aka

A

Littoral zone

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118
Q

Intertidal zone

A

Fringe on shoreline between HIGHEST high tide and LOWEST low tide

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119
Q

Why is the intertidal the most studied and best understood?

A

experience without leaving our natural environment

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120
Q

True or false: intertidal is regularly exposed to air

A

True

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121
Q

Emersion

A

exposed to air/out of πŸ’§

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122
Q

Immersion

A

Being submerged

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123
Q

What does the nature of intertidal communists depend on?

A

Type of bottom

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124
Q

Substrate

A

The bottom

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125
Q

True or false: intertidal is considered rocky and soft bottoms

A

True

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126
Q

Where do rocky shores occur?

A
  • uplifted coasts
  • geologically young coast
  • erosion removes sediment and soft πŸͺ¨
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127
Q

Why are some rocky shores rocky?

A

Active margin uplifted via geological processes

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128
Q

How did rocky πŸͺ¨ shores develop in North America?

A
  1. Ice sheets (Ice Age)
  2. Scraped sediment from shelf
  3. Coast sank into mantle
  4. Ice 🧊 melted
  5. Coast rose (exposing πŸͺ¨)
  6. Flood
  7. Sculptured shoreline north of Cape Pod
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129
Q

Subsiding

A

Sinking

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130
Q

Why is the southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts sinking?

A

Sediment on passive continental margin

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131
Q

Where do most rocky intertidal organisms live?

A

πŸͺ¨ surface

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132
Q

How do 🌊 and currents create πŸͺ¨ shores?

A

Carry sediment away

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133
Q

Eipfauna

A

live on any substrate surface (even other animals)

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134
Q

Epifauna movement

A
  • some move

- most sessile

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135
Q

Emersion time gets longer . . .

A

The higher in the intertidal

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136
Q

When is the upper part of the πŸͺ¨ intertidal submerged? Upper edge?

A
  • Peak of high tide

- high spring tides

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137
Q

True or false: Highest part of intertidal is almost never immersed

A

True

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138
Q

Does the low intertidal have to deal with exposure?

A

Short periods or at really low tides

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139
Q

Hardships of πŸͺ¨ intertidal organisms

A
  • πŸ’§ loss (desiccation)
  • temp
  • πŸ§‚
  • feeding time
  • 🌊 shock
  • space
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140
Q

3 ways πŸͺ¨ intertidal organisms cope with water loss

A
  • run and hide
  • clamp up
  • dry out and recover
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141
Q

Strategies/adaptations for πŸ’§ loss (move and hide only)

A

Move and hide:

  • go somewhere wet
  • denizens huddle in cavities or πŸͺ¨ crevices
  • hide in tide pools, mussels, algae
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142
Q

Adaptations for πŸ’§ loss of animals that can’t run

A

only live in wet areas

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143
Q

Tide pools

A

Depressions in πŸͺ¨ holding πŸ’§

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144
Q

The characteristics of hiding places for πŸͺ¨ intertidal

A

Moist and shady

145
Q

Adaptations/strategies for πŸͺ¨ intertidal (clamp up)

A

🐚 to hold πŸ’§

146
Q

Holding in πŸ’§ with shell (barnacles and mussels vs. limpets vs. others)

A
  • barnacles + mussels: close 🐚
  • limpets: clamp to πŸͺ¨ (can’t close 🐚)
  • others: mucus
147
Q

True or false: to trap πŸ’§, rocky intertidal organisms carve depressions with 🐚

A

False. They do it with their radula.

148
Q

Disadvantage of clamping up

A

Hard to get oxygen and food

149
Q

True or false: periwinkles (πŸͺ¨ intertidal) use combinations of strategies

A

True.

Close operculum and clamp onto πŸͺ¨

150
Q

Do tide pools face extreme temps?

A

Yes

151
Q

Adaptations to tolerate temperature for πŸͺ¨ intertidal

A
  • move to moist + cool places
  • πŸšβ€™s pronounced ridges lose heat
  • 🐚 color to reflect β˜€οΈ
152
Q

Adaptations for salinity in πŸͺ¨ intertidal

A
  • close up 🐚 to avoid fresh πŸ’§ from rain
  • tide-pool: tolerate wide ranges of πŸ§‚πŸŒ‘
  • tide pool: burrow
  • tide pool: reduce activities
153
Q

True or false: deposit feeders are common in πŸͺ¨ intertidal

A

False.

154
Q

Feeding restrictions (adaptations) for πŸͺ¨ intertidal

A
  • filter feeders can’t feed at low tide
  • grazers scrape algae and bacteria
  • feed on seaweed and detritus
  • predators: move over πŸͺ¨
  • clamping and hiding: no food
155
Q

Feeding in high intertidal vs low intertidal

A

High: more feeding time
Low: slow growth, less feeding time

156
Q

True or false: waves travel faster in deep water

A

True

157
Q

True or false: waves only expend energy on shoreline

A

False. Sometimes on reefs or sand bars

158
Q

Adaptations for wave shock in πŸͺ¨ intertidal

A
  • withstand sedimentation
  • seaweed: attach, encrust
  • barnacles: attach with byssal threads, glue
  • no swim bladdersοΏΌ
  • find shelter
  • thicker 🐚
  • compact
  • low profile
  • flexible
159
Q

Waveshock

A

Force of striking 🌊

160
Q

Suction adaptation (wave shock) for πŸͺ¨ intertidal

A
  • Limpets and chitons: use muscular 🦢

- gobies + clingfish: use pelvic fins

161
Q

True or false: waves can’t turn over rocks/ boulders

A

False

162
Q

Rocky shores space adaptations

A
  • take occupied space
  • rapid reproduction
  • attach to organisms
  • get to open space
  • effective dispersal
  • colonies
163
Q

Intertidal food supply

A
  • lots of β˜€οΈ
  • lots of nutrients
  • lots of algae
  • lots of plankton, seaweed, detritus
164
Q

True or false: food is a limiting resource in the intertidal

A

False

165
Q

How do barnacles and owl limpets battle for space in πŸͺ¨ intertidal?

A

Barnacles: cut/unattach

Owl limpets: bulldoze

166
Q

What kind of zonation does the πŸͺ¨ intertidal have?

A

Vertical zonation

167
Q

Zones

A

Distinct bands

168
Q

True or false: zonation still occurs even if the shores are uneven (πŸͺ¨ intertidal)

A

True

169
Q

True or false: you can’t see the different zones of the πŸͺ¨ intertidal through colors of organisms

A

False

170
Q

Upper limit vs. lower limit of a zone

A

Upper limit: mostly set by physical factors

Lower limit: mostly biological factors

171
Q

True or false: the specific organisms found in the intertidal zones vary from place to placeοΏΌ

A

TrueοΏΌ

172
Q

Zones of the intertidal

A
  • upper
  • middle
  • lower
173
Q

True or false: organisms can only live in one zone in the intertidal

A

False.

174
Q

Where does the upper intertidal lie?

A

⬆️ high tide mark

175
Q

Upper intertidal moisture and is aka

A
  • 🌊 splash and spray
  • splash zone
  • littorina zone
176
Q

Lichens at the upper intertidal

A

Black and tar-like

177
Q

True or false: the dominant primary producers in the upper intertidal are Cyanobacteria and lichens

A

True

178
Q

Why do different levels of the middle intertidal have different organisms?

A
  • parts will either be exposed or submerged once a day

- variation=different organisms

179
Q

Different types of experiments

A
  • transplantation
  • removal
  • caging
180
Q

Figure 11.18 (pacific zonation)

A

πŸ“

181
Q

True or false: rockweeds can’t have pneumatocysts

A

False.

182
Q

What happens if the mussel population isn’t kept on check by sea stars?

A

Not many species will live in the middle intertidal

183
Q

Keystone predators

A

Effect on community is greater than their abundance

184
Q

Keystone predators of rocky intertidal

A
  • ochre sea stars

- 6 armed sea stars

185
Q

Can natural disturbances have the same effect as predators?

A

Yes

186
Q

Lower intertidal exposure and feeding

A
  • mostly immersed
  • easier to feed
  • grazing and competition
  • space
187
Q

Organisms in upper intertidal

A
  • periwinkles dominant
  • limpets
  • lichens
  • encrusting algae
188
Q

Organisms in upper middle intertidal

A

Barnacles dominant

189
Q

Organisms in the lower middle intertidal

A
  • mussels
  • barnacles
  • seaweeds
190
Q

Organisms in the lower intertidal

A
  • seaweeds

- surf grass

191
Q

When did SSWS start?

A

2013

192
Q

What is keeping the mussel population under control?

A
  • water circulation
  • larval settlement patterns
  • sea stars
193
Q

Soft bottom

A

Any bottom made of sediment

194
Q

How do you know if a bottom is soft?

A

If animals can burrow in it

195
Q

Where do soft bottom intertidal communities occur?

A

Where sediments accumulate

196
Q

What kind of sediment accumulates and whether it does depends on . . .

A

Water motion and sediment source

197
Q

Why do organisms burrow in the soft-bottom intertidal?

A
  • unstable bottom
  • bottom shifts with 🌊, currents, and tides
  • no solid attachment sites
198
Q

The textures of sediments (coarse to smooth)

A

Sand-silt-clay

199
Q

How are sediments described?

A

By common grain size

200
Q

True or false: fine sediments remain suspended with even small water motion

A

True

201
Q

Where are fine sediments found? Coarse sediments?

A

Fine: calm areas; bays and lagoons
Coarse: strong 🌊 and current

202
Q

Grain size of gravel

A

Up to 2 mm

203
Q

Grain size of sand

A

2-0.062mm

204
Q

Grain size of silt

A

0.062-0.004

205
Q

Grain size of clay

A

0.004 and beyond

206
Q

Silt and clay are collectively called . . .

A

Mud

207
Q

Grain size (11.26)

A

πŸ“

208
Q

Hardships of soft bottom intertidal organisms

A
  • oxygen availability
  • getting around
  • feeding
209
Q

Oxygen availability οΏΌ

A
  • used for respiration
  • deep muddy bottoms: anoxic (interstitial water has little oxygen)
  • pump O2 πŸ’§ with siphons or burrows
  • bioturbators
  • hemoglobin
  • sluggish
  • symbiotic bacteria
210
Q

What is the main food source for intertidal soft bottom communities?

A

Detritus

211
Q

Where do deposit feeders in the soft bottom communities get organic matter?

A

Sediments

212
Q

Grain size affects

A
  • amount of detritus

- amount of oxygen

213
Q

Why is silt and clay smelly but not sand?

A
  • Silt and clay: rich in detritus

- sand: little organic matter

214
Q

What do animals under the sediment depend on for oxygen supply?

A

πŸ’§ circulation

215
Q

What affects how porous a sediment is?

A
  • grain size

- sorting

216
Q

Anoxic

A

Sediment with no oxygen (black)

217
Q

Interstitial πŸ’§

A

πŸ’§ between grains

218
Q

What lives in anoxic sediment?

A

Bacteria using aerobic respiration (produce hydrogen sulfide)

219
Q

Bioturbators

A

Burrow, turn over, disturb sediment

220
Q

Well- sorted

A

Same size

221
Q

Poorly sorted

A

Not same size

222
Q

Well sorted (coarse) vs. well sorted (fine) vs. poorly sorted

A 
Well sorted (coarse): water drains fast 
Well sorted (fine): water drains slowly 
Poorly sorted: water blocked
223
Q

What is hemoglobin for?

A

Extract as much oxygen in πŸ’§

224
Q

Getting around

A
  • change muscular 🦢/body shape (burrow)
  • eat sediment
  • push sediment through them
  • meiofauna
225
Q

How do clams and cockles burrow?

A

Forward with thin 🦢, end thickens, moves body

226
Q

How do worms πŸͺ± burrow?

A

Pharynx expands crack, move body

227
Q

How do heart urchins burrow?

A

Spines and tube 🦢

228
Q

How do crustaceans dig?

A

Jointed appendages

229
Q

Meiofauna

A

Live in interstitial spaces between grains

230
Q

Feeding

A
  • plankton+ diatoms contribute to detritus
  • deposit and suspension feeding
  • digest detritus + organisms, πŸ’© sediment
  • tube🦢, siphon, tentacles, mucus, antennae
  • burrow near surface
  • predators
231
Q

Does zonation exist in soft bottoms?

A

No?

232
Q

Active margins

A
  • trench
  • steep slope
  • little/no shelf
  • geological activity
  • colliding plates
233
Q

Passive margins

A
  • wide shelves
  • gentle slope
  • continental rise
  • less geological activity
234
Q

Estuaries

A
  • semi- enclosed area

- fresh and salt πŸ’§ meet and mix

235
Q

True or false: estuaries have more biodiversity than rocky shores

A

False

236
Q

Different types of estuaries

A
  • downed river valleys/coastal plain estuaries
  • bar built estuaries
  • tectonic estuaries
  • fjords
  • bayous
237
Q

Drowned river valleys/coastal plain estuaries

A
  • most common

- rising sea level from Pleistocene

238
Q

Bayous

A
  • tides from Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico
239
Q

Bar- built estuary

A
  • accumulation of sediments creates sand bars + barrier islands
240
Q

Tectonic estuaries

A

Land subsided because of crust movement

241
Q

Subsided

A

Sank

242
Q

Fjords

A

glaciers cut deep valleys

243
Q

Where do most estuaries occur?

A

Passive margins

244
Q

When does salinity decrease?

A

Moving upstream

245
Q

Salt and fresh water flow

A

Salt: denser, bottom (salt wedge)
Fresh: top surface

246
Q

Salinity in high and low tides

A

High: salt wedge moves up
Low: salt wedge moves lower

247
Q

Negative estuaries

A
  • High salinity
  • little freshwater run off
  • high evaporation
248
Q

What is the substrate of most estuaries?

A

Sand or soft mud

249
Q

True or false. Temperature varies in estuaries because of shallow waters and large surface area.

A

True, except for fjords.

250
Q

Are there suspended sediments in estuaries?

A

Yes

251
Q

Estuaries benefits

A
  • breeding
  • feeding
  • productive
252
Q

How do organisms in estuaries cope with salinity changes?

A
  • most tolerate low salinity
  • euryhaline
  • some stenohaline
  • can live in brackish πŸ’§
  • osmoconformers
  • osmoregulators
253
Q

Euryhaline

A
  • Tolerates wide range of salinity

- origin: marine or fresh

254
Q

Stenohaline

A

tolerates narrow range of salinities

255
Q

True or false: those that live in brackish water are stenohaline or euryhaline

A

True

256
Q

True or false: most organisms in estuaries use diffusion to face diluted πŸ’§

A

False. Osmosis.

257
Q

Osmoconformers

Ex.)

A
  • Internal salinity changes with external salinity

Ex.) soft-bodied organisms

258
Q

Figure 12.5 (salinity tolerance of different species)

A

πŸ“

259
Q

Osmoregulators

A

Internal salinity is more or less constant than external salinity
Ex.) bony fish, eel, etc

260
Q

True or false: it is impossible to osmoregulate and osmoconform

A

False

261
Q

What makes salt tolerate plants so special when compared to marine organisms in estuaries?

A
  • increase salinity
  • absorb salt
  • concentrate solutes
  • salt glands for excrement
  • succulent
262
Q

Movements of organisms living in the mud

A

Stationary or slow

263
Q

Benefit of mud

A

Less drastic salt fluctuations

264
Q

Name one estuarine community

A

Plankton, fishes, open water organisms

265
Q

Biomass of estuarine communities

A

High biomass

266
Q

Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in estuaries

A
  • flushed in and out by tides

- murky water limits primary production

267
Q

How do estuaries play a role in an organism’s life? Human value?

A
  • nurseries
  • migration place
  • commercial catch
268
Q

Mudflats

A

Bottom exposed at low tide

269
Q

True or false: mudflats are considered intertidal communities

A

True

270
Q

Do primary producers flourish on mudflats?

A

Yes

271
Q

What is more dominant in mudflats (infauna or epifauna)

A

Infauna

272
Q

Infauna

A

Burrow

273
Q

True or false: food for deposit feeders are made on the mudflat.

A

False. Comes from rivers and tides.

274
Q

Types of feeding in mudflats

A
  • deposit feeders (most common)
  • suspension feeders (sandy sediment)
  • filter feeders
275
Q

Dominant primary producers on mudflats

A

Diatoms and bacteria

276
Q

Epifauna

A

Live on sediment surface

277
Q

Predators of mudflats

A

Birds and fish

278
Q

Resource partitioning of shorebirds

A
  • different sized beaks=different food

- different feeding strategies

279
Q

Salt marshes

A
  • upper: pickle weed, middle: saltgrass/salt meadow cordgrass, lower: smooth cordgrass
  • upper level of estuary
  • mudflat below salt marsh (exposed at low tide)
280
Q

Salt marshes thrive in

A

Muddy sediment

281
Q

Mangroves

A
  • Flowering plants adapted to live in the intertidal

- tropical equivalent of salt marsh

282
Q

Regions of salt marsh, open water, and mangroves

A
  • temperate
  • channels and muddy bottoms
  • tropical
283
Q

Brigitte 12.24 (type of estuary)

A

πŸ“

284
Q

Invasive species

A

Species introduced to new environment by humans and overpopulates

285
Q

Eutrophication

A

Nutrient input leads to unwanted algae growth

286
Q

Ecological organization

A

Individuals-population-community-ecosystem-biosphere

287
Q

True or false: all symbionts benefit

A

True

288
Q

True or false: abiotic and biotic factors can affect the nature of a community

A

True

289
Q

How do sea grasses adapt to low β˜€οΈ

A
  • More chlorophyll

- increase ability to capture available β˜€οΈ

290
Q

How do corals adapt to low β˜€οΈ

A
  • Flat growth form

- increased ability to capture available β˜€οΈ

291
Q

Physiological adaptations οΏΌ

A
  • not inherited

- genes 🧬 unchanged

292
Q

Natural selection

A
  • best adapted traits ➑️ next generation, more offspring

- evolves (changes genetics)

293
Q

Evolutionary adaptations

A
  • result of natural selection

- inherited 🧬

294
Q

Exponential growth

A
  • each pair has more than 2 offspring
  • unchecked population
  • not forever
  • algal blooms
  • red tides
  • favorable conditions
    Half U
295
Q

How does growth decline/stop/extinction? (Abiotic)

A
  • changes in abiotic environment
  • seasons
  • disturbances
296
Q

Mechanisms that limit/decrease/stop growth

A
  • fights
  • cannibalism
  • overcrowding
  • attractor between enemies οΏΌ
297
Q

Logistical growth

A
  • starts exponential
  • levels off/slows/stops @ k
  • not enough resources for pop ⬆️
298
Q

What does K mean?

A

Carrying capacity

299
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Max population size that an area can sustain

300
Q

Limiting resource

A
  • restricts/limits population growth
  • causes K to change
  • biotic or abiotic
301
Q

Competition

A

When one uses a resource at the expense of another

302
Q

Intraspecific vs interspecific competition

A

Intraspecific- same species

Interspecific- different species

303
Q

What can intraspecific competition lead to? Interspecific?

A

Intraspecific: natural selection
Interspecific: competitive exclusion and resource partitioning

304
Q

Dynamics of interspecific competition and intraspecific competition

A

Interspecific: community
Intraspecific: population

305
Q

Competitive exclusion

A
  • Species eliminates another by outcompeting it

- leads to extinction or resource partitioning through natural selection

306
Q

True or false: superior competitors always exclude inferior competitors

A

False

307
Q

Resource partitioning

A
  • sharing/dividing resources
  • prevents exclusion
  • coexist
308
Q

Predation

A

Eats part/all of another organism

309
Q

Types of predators

A
  • carnivores
  • herbivores
  • omnivores
  • detritovores (dead material and detritus)
  • parasites
310
Q

What does community dynamics consist of?

A
  • food webs, pyramids, chains

- symbiotic relationships

311
Q

True or false: a food web represents an entire community

A

True

312
Q

Niche

A

Special role of an organism

313
Q

Levels of ocean

A

πŸ“

314
Q

True or false: all members of a food web are equal in abundance and in their relative effects on one another

A

False

315
Q

True or false: every member of a food web is the prey of another member of the food webοΏΌ

A

False

316
Q

Why did mussels cover the rock face when sea stars were removed?

A

Predator was removed

317
Q

True or false: keystone species are critical to the diversity and stability of an ecosystem

A

True

318
Q

Green world view

A

Trophic levels regulated by those above and below it

319
Q

When orcas ate sea otters, the sea otter population β€”β€”β€”-, the urchin populationβ€”β€”β€”β€”β€”-, and the kelp populationβ€”β€”β€”β€”

A

Decreased, increased, decreased

320
Q

True or false: trophic cascades only affect part of the populations of an ecosystem

A

False.

321
Q

Types of estuaries

A
  • Salt marsh
  • seagrass meadows
  • mangroves
322
Q

Estuaries diagrams

A

πŸ“

323
Q

How many days does it take for the moon to circle 🌍

A

28

324
Q

Challenges in all estuaries

A
  • temp
  • πŸ§‚
  • movement
325
Q

Bottom up vs top down control

A
  • bottom up: abundance depends on resource availability

- top down: abundance depends on predators

326
Q

What type of water do sea grasses grow in?

A

Tropical

327
Q

What are mangroves being lost to?

A

Coastal development

328
Q

Decline of seagrass per year

A

7%

329
Q

What happens when you remove seagrasses?

A

Turbid (more sediment)

330
Q

True or false: mangroves and seagrass break wave action

A

True

331
Q

Mangrove order

A

Red-black-white

332
Q

What are mangrove islands made of?

A

Oyster beds

333
Q

True or false: seagrasses reproduce asexually and sexually

A

True

334
Q

How much sea floor do seagrasses cover?

A

0.1%

335
Q

What pollutants affect seagrasses?

A

Fertilizers

336
Q

Upper intertidal

A 
Small organisms (size and numbers) 
Water loss and wave stress
337
Q

Upper middle intertidal

A

Small organisms, some space comp

Water loss, wave stress, space

338
Q

Lower middle intertidal

A

Small to medium sized organisms, some space comp, live on top of each other
Wave stress, water loss, space

339
Q

Lower intertidal

A

Small to large organisms, lots of space comp, live under organisms
Water loss, wave stress, space

340
Q

Factors that would cause an increase in pop. size. Decrease? Stable?

A

Increase: more immigration than emigration, more births than deaths
Decrease: more emigration than immigration, more deaths than births
Stable: immigration = emigration, births=deaths

341
Q

When were sea otters considered β€œrecovered?”

A

1970s

342
Q

Three possible reasons for sea otter decline. Which two were ruled out?

A
  • increased mortality
  • decreased fertility (ruled out)
  • redistribution (ruled out)
343
Q

What was observed in 1991 that lead to the author’s main hypothesis?

A

killer whale attacking a sea otter`

344
Q

Why was disease ruled out? Starvation?

A

Disease: few areas, none found
Starvation: increase of sea urchins
*no carcasses on the beach

345
Q

How many killer whales are needed to cause this decline in sea otters?

A

3.7

346
Q

How much Elkhorn coral is left?

A

0.01%

347
Q

In the last 30 years, we have lost ___% of coral

A

50

348
Q

What do they do at night? Day?

A

Day: photosynthesize
Night: expand polyps and tentacles

349
Q

How long has been coral bleaching? What temp. is needed to do that?

A
  • 1980

- 2 degrees C

350
Q

What happens when corals bleach?

A
  • remove zooxanthellae
  • transparent tissue/skeleton
  • starve, no growth, no reproduction, death
351
Q

When did the first global mass bleaching event occur? When were the most bleaching events?

A
  • 1997/1998

- 1980s

352
Q

Godfather of coral reef science

A

Dr. John Charlie Veron

353
Q

How much marine life rely on corals? How much heat goes into the ocean?

A
  • 25%

- 93%

354
Q

How long before we lose corals forever?

A
  • 25 yrs
355
Q

When did Superfish see the attack?

A

October 1997

356
Q

What do the whales in Argentina, Antarctica, and New Zealand do to hunt?

A
  • Argentina: attack sealions on shore
  • Antarctica: wash over seals
  • New Zealand: blow bubbles
357
Q

How many cultures are there off North America’s Pacific Coast? What are they? Where does the LA pod come from? Where is the shark eating culture found in?

A
  • residents
  • transients
  • offshore
  • Mexico
  • LA pod
358
Q

Toxic immobility

A
  • flipped upside down
  • serotonin released to brain to prevent panic
  • can’t push water over gills (GWS)
359
Q

How would CA2 attack a shark? Where do GWS go after feeding int he Farallons? What causes a shark to flee?

A
  • attach teeth, turn over, tear between pectoral fins, suck out liver
  • GW Cafe or Hawaii
  • smell of death of their own kind

Marine Bio (3 decks)

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