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Marine Bio > Knowledge Check 5 > Flashcards

Knowledge Check 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the continental margin consist of?

A
  • c. shelf
  • c. Slope
  • c. Rise
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2
Q

2.20

A

📝

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3
Q

Surface currents and the 🌬 wind are influenced by

A

The Coriolis effect

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4
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Anything under 🌍 surface curves bc 🌍 roundness and rotation

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5
Q

Coriolis effect in Southern vs. Northern Hemisphere

A

Northern: curves to right
Southern: curves to left

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6
Q

Why is the Coriolis effect important?

A

Winds and currents move long distances

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7
Q

Missiles and Coriolis effect

A
  • will not hit the planned 🎯
  • 🌍 rotates
  • space: straight line
  • observer: curved
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8
Q

What are winds driven by?

A

🌞 energy

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9
Q

What are all major surface currents of the open ocean driven by?

A

Wind and heat energy

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10
Q

Angles of surface currents. What’s the cause of this?

A
  • 45 degrees

- Coriolis effect

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11
Q

Ekman spiral

A
  • Each Layer*
  • pushes on the one ⬇️
  • moves slower than the one ⬆️
  • moves more to the right (northern) or left (southern) than the one ⬆️
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12
Q

TF: 🌬 isn’t felt at all at certain depths

A

T

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13
Q

Ekman layer

A

Upper part of 💧column affected by 🌬

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14
Q

Ekman transport

A

Net water movement at 90 degrees from 🌬 direction

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15
Q

Trade winds

A

45 degree towards equator

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16
Q

Westerlies

A
  • middle latitudes

- opp direction of trade winds

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17
Q

Polar easterlies

A
  • high latitude

- most variable

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18
Q

How is wind created?

A
  • 🌞 energy heats Equator: air rises

- higher latitudes replaces ^

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19
Q

Equatorial currents

A
  • Move parallel to equator

- created by trade winds

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20
Q

TF: surface temp is higher on eastern sides of the ocean than western

A

F

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21
Q

3.20

A

📝

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22
Q

Gyres

A
  • Circular systems of surface currents

- heat from 🌴 to polar

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23
Q

What affects currents?

A
  • Weather and seasons
  • seabed
  • tides
  • coastline shape
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24
Q

Western sides of ocean vs eastern

A

Western: currents carry warm 💧 away fo equator
Eastern: cold currents to equator

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25
Q

TF: sea surface temperature isn’t affected by gyres

A

F

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26
Q

Layers of ocean

A
  • surface layer/mixed layer
  • intermediate layer
  • deep and bottom layers
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27
Q

Subtidal zone

A
  • Part of c.shelf

- never exposed at low tide

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28
Q

Subtidal zone aka

A

Sublittoral zone

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29
Q

Subtidal zone is from

A

Low tide lev to the s.break

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30
Q

TF: The continental shelf is more wider on active margins than passive margins

A

F

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31
Q

Where does the benthos of the continental shelf live?

A

Subtidal zone

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32
Q

Neritic zone

A

Pelagic environment above c.shelf

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33
Q

Characteristics of c.shelf

A
  • show water

- close to land

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34
Q

TF: temp varies from place to place in subtidal zone

A

T

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35
Q

Are there more or less species in the tropics than in temperate or polar waters

A

More

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36
Q

Bottom of subtidal

A
  • affected by 🌊 and currents

- temp and salinity are close to surface

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37
Q

Turbulence. What does it prevent?

A
  • Water movement

- stratification

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38
Q

Stratification

A

Water separation

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39
Q

TF: Open ocean is far more productive and plankton-rich than the water over c.shelf

A

F

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40
Q

How are subtidal communities classified?

A

Type of substrate

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41
Q

What is most of the continental shelf covered by?

A

Muddy or sandy substrates (soft bottom)

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42
Q

Where do soft sediment areas stretch from?

A

Shore to c.shelf edge

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43
Q

Distribution in soft-bottom subtidal communities

A

Influenced by

  • particle size
  • sediment stability
  • light
  • temperature
  • substrate
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44
Q

Soft-bottom subtidal communities

What types of organisms dominate?

A

Infauna, deposit and suspension feeders

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45
Q

TF: Soft-bottom subtidal communities share traits with sandy beaches and mudflat communities

A

T

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46
Q

Number of species living in Soft-bottom subtidal communities vs soft-bottom intertidal communities. Why?

A

Subtidal: ⬆️ species #
Intertidal: ⬇️ species #
Why?
- subtidal doesn’t have desiccation, temp fluctuations, salinity variation issues

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47
Q

Particle size and distribution in the Soft-bottom subtidal communities

A
  • different and limited depths
  • upper layer has more O2
  • resource partitioning
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48
Q

Soft-bottom subtidal communities

What is O2 used up by?

A

Decomposition of organic matter-rich mud

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49
Q

Which has less organic matter? Which is more porous? Sand or mud?

A

Sand

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50
Q

In what type of sediment can infauna burrow deeper in?

A

Sand

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51
Q

Distribution of Soft-bottom subtidal communities

A

Patchy-distinct clumps

no reg. or random patterns

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52
Q

Why do the Soft-bottom subtidal communities have patchy distributions?

A
  • Planktonic larvae being picky about where to settle and do metamorphosis
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53
Q

TF: presence and abundance of a species is always dependent on larvae supply

A

F

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54
Q

Defined feature of unvegetated soft bottom communities

A

Absence of large seaweeds + plants 🌱

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55
Q

How can seaweeds grow in shallow water?

A
  • enough light

- grow on hard surfaces

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56
Q

Main primary producers in unvegetated soft bottom communities

A
  • diatoms
  • algae
  • bacteria
  • on sand/mud particles in shallow 💧
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57
Q

TF: primary production by benthic primary prodded is very low in the unvegetated soft bottom communities

A

T

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58
Q

Benthic animals in soft bottom subtidal communities

A
  • polychaetes
  • molluscs
  • crustaceans
  • echinoderms
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59
Q

Temperate can tropical soft bottoms

A

Temperate: dominated by mulluscs and polychaetes
Tropical: dominated by crustaceans and mulluscs

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60
Q

🌴 subtidal communities are influenced by

A

Sharp seasonal variations in sediment and salinity

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61
Q

unvegetated soft bottom communities

What role does detritus play?

A
  • Very imp food source
  • brought in by currents from productive coastal communities
  • solid dead matter
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62
Q

Meiofauna

A
  • microscopic

- live between sediment particles

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63
Q

Meiofauna aka

A

Interstitial animals

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64
Q

What is detritus used by?

A

Bacteria, meiofauna, benthic invertebrates

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65
Q

Deposit feeders

A
  • Feeds on organic matter @ the bottom

- includes infauna

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66
Q

Larger benthic organisms in unvegetated soft bottom communities

A

burrowing deposit feeders

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67
Q

Most diverse group of deposit feeders in the soft sediments on the shelf

A

Polychaetes

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68
Q

Animals that are deposit feeders

A
  • trumpet and bamboo worms
  • lugworms
  • ❤️ urchins
  • sand dollars
  • echiurans
  • peanut worms
  • sea 🥒
  • 👻 🦐
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69
Q

Suspension feeder

A
  • Feeds on detritus and plankton suspended in the 💧

- includes infauna and filter feeders

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70
Q

Filter feeders

A
  • suspension feeder
  • filters water
  • 🧹 filtering structures or pumps 💧
  • eats food particles
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71
Q

Passive suspension feeders

A
  • suspension feeder

- mucus or cilia to move suspended particles to mouth

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72
Q

Factors that influence settlement and metamorphosis of planktonic larvae

A
  • water temp
  • 🧂
  • type of bottom
  • currents
  • depth
  • substances released by host/adult
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73
Q

Where do deposit feeders dominate? Detritus concentration? Turbulence? O2?

A
  • Mud
  • more detritus
  • low turbulence
  • less O2
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74
Q

13.12

A

📝

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75
Q

Where are suspension feeders common? Turbulence? O2? Detritus concentration?

A
  • sandy bottoms
  • more turbulence
  • more O2
  • Less detritus
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76
Q

TF: deposit feeders can exclude suspension feeders

A

T

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77
Q

Bioturbators

A
  • Disturbs sediment while feeding, burying, or burrowing
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78
Q

Animals that are bioturbators

A

infauna, deposit feeders, burrowers

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79
Q

Importance of bioturbation

A
  • oxygenates sediment
  • uncovers deep sediment
  • buries surface sediment
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80
Q

tube builders

A
  • stabilize substrate
  • slow 💧 flow
  • ⬇️ particle suspension rate
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81
Q

TF: tubes promote burrowing deposit feeders

A

F. Interference.

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82
Q

Most epifaunal invertebrates are

A

Deposit feeders

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83
Q

Scavengers

A

Feeds on dead organic matter

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84
Q

TF: some members of the soft bottom subtidal communities are predators

A

T

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85
Q

What type of predator are demersal fish in the soft bottom communities?

A

Carnivores

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86
Q

Are seagrasses true grasses?

A
  • not true, a flowering marine 🌱
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87
Q

Where do seagrasses develop?

A
  • sheltered and shallow 💧

- estuaries and mangroves

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88
Q

TF: meadows of seagrass can contain many species of seaweed

A

T

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89
Q

Seagrass roots, underground stems, “leaves”

A
  • ⚓️
  • stabilize sediment
  • leaves: cut 🌊 action and currents
  • ⬇️ turbulence
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90
Q

Two types of soft bottom subtidal habitats

A
  • seagrasses

- unvegetated soft bottoms

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91
Q

What effect does a decrease in turbulence have?

A
  • deposits more finer sediment
  • affects colonization
  • clear water, less sediment in 💧
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92
Q

Seagrass meadows productivity and biomass.

A
  • high primary production (ranked 3)

- high plant biomass 

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93
Q

Seagrass productivity rate

A

8 grams of fixed carbon a day

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94
Q

TF: seaweeds have higher primary production than seagrass

A

F

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95
Q

Why might seagrass have higher primary production than seaweeds?

A
  • true roots (seaweed don’t)

- absorb nutrients in sediment (seaweed get nutrients from 💧)

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96
Q

Epiphyte

A
  • photosynthetic organism

- grows on algae or 🌱

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97
Q

Epiphyte and seagrass relationship

A
  • ⬆️ productivity in seagrass
  • shield needed light
  • microscopic diatoms
  • epiphytic Cyanobacteria (nitrogen fixers)
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98
Q

How much of the seagrasses primary production do herbivores eat?

A

Less than half

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99
Q

How do animals take advantage of the high primary production of seagrasses?

A

eat decaying leaves and seaweed

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100
Q

Are there deposit feeders and filter feeders in seagrass beds? Carnivores?

A

Yes

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101
Q

Detritus in seagrass beds

A
  • in sediment

- exported to other communities

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102
Q

Shelter: do more animals live in/on the sediment of unvegetated soft bottoms or seagrasses?

A

Seagrasses

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103
Q

What types of animals live on the leaves of seagrass?

A
  • sessile or crawl
  • 🐌
  • amphipods
  • tube polychaetes
  • 🦐
  • hydroids
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104
Q

Filter feeders that live in the sediment of seagrass meadows

A
  • clams

- 🖊 🐚

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105
Q

TF: seagrasses are not a nursery habitat

A

F

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106
Q

Human impacts on seagrasses

A
  • sediment deposition
  • excess nutrients
  • overfishing
  • ## wasting disease
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107
Q

What activities cause sediment deposition?

A
  • dredging
  • boat propellers
  • pollution
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108
Q

What happens to seagrass when there is excess nutrients or overfishing?

A
  • ⬆️ epiphytes
  • block light and photosynthesis
  • fishes keep them in check
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109
Q

What is the cause of the sea grass eating disease? Why does it cause it? Where?

A
  • Labyrinthula
  • enzymes break contents of cells
  • dark spots, streaks, patches
  • ⬇️ photosynthesis
  • 🌴 and temperate
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110
Q

Hard bottom subtidal communities

What do they represent? Are there reefs? What provides the hard substrate?

A
  • submerged extensions or 🪨 shores
  • yes
  • calcareous algae, tubes, oyster 🐚
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111
Q

Hard bottom subtidal communities
Rocky Bottom
Desiccation and variety

A
  • no desiccation

- wider variety of organisms

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112
Q

Hard bottom subtidal communities
Rocky Bottom

TF: oil and gas rigs are harmful to rocky bottom communities. Why?

A

F. Provide a hard bottom.

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113
Q

Inhabitants of Hard bottom subtidal communities (Rocky Bottom)

A
  • mostly red and brown seaweeds

- filamentous, thin and leafy, branched, encrusting

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114
Q

Algal turf

A
  • dense growth

- filamentous

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115
Q

Main problem for seaweeds and sessile animals in subtidal

A
  • Place to attach

- space competition

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116
Q

Adaptations for seaweeds

A

more chlorophyll and pigments

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117
Q

What factors affect depth zonation

A
  • light
  • space competition
  • grazing
  • predation
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118
Q

Life history of seaweeds

A
  • fast growth, short life - colonize on disturbed surfaces
  • slow growth, long life
  • alteration
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119
Q

Infauna #s and epifauna #s of Hard bottom subtidal communities (Rocky Bottom)

A

lots of epifauna than infauna

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120
Q

Seaweed defenses against grazing

A
  • sulfuric acid and phenols

- grow in mullusc 🐚

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121
Q

Predator and grazer influence on Hard bottom subtidal communities (Rocky Bottom)

A
  • remove 🪨 residents

- more space

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122
Q

Why are some seaweeds in patches?

A
  • larvae and spores settle into cleared areas

- more biodiversity

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123
Q

Kelp communities

Productivity? What are they? Where are they found?

A
  • high productivity
  • brown seaweed
  • cold water
  • temperate and subpolar
  • high latitudes on western side
  • eastern shores
  • rocky bottoms
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124
Q

13.26

A

📝

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125
Q

Fronds

A

Leaf like blades

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126
Q

Kelp beds vs kelp forests

A

Beds: Large, dense patches of kelp
Forest: fronts float on surface

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127
Q

Physical factors that influence kelp communities

A
  • temperature of 💧
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128
Q

Warm water tends to lack

A

Nutrients

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129
Q

Distribution of kelp

A

📝

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130
Q

Flow of gyres on Southern and Northern Hemisphere

A
  • southern: counterclockwise

- northern: clockwise

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131
Q

Monsoons

A
  • Winds in northern Indian Ocean blow southwest in summer and northeast in winter
  • upwelling
  • lower 💧 temp
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132
Q

What can kill kelps?

A

Disappearance of monsoons-⬆️ 🌡

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133
Q

Tf: kelps don’t need nutrients

A

F

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134
Q

Fragility of kelp

A
  • stipes can break
  • holdfasts broken by grazers or heavy 🌊
  • drifting kelp entangles them
  • storms
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135
Q

TF: kelps reduce acidification

A

T

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136
Q

TF: All kelps go through a sporophyte generate and gameiphyte generation

A

T

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137
Q

TF: the sporophyte of kelp is the part we don’t see

A

F

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138
Q

Where does growth take place in seaweeds?

A
  • Holdfast

- stipe ends

139
Q

Giant kelp canopy develops in

A
  • deep enough 💧: reduce 🌊
  • shallow enough 💧: ☀️ for holdfasts
  • goldilocks
140
Q

Surface canopy kelps

A
  • bull kelp

Father boa kelp

141
Q

Elk kelp

A
  • mid-water canopy
  • deep 💧
  • edges
142
Q

Seagrass beds/ meadows are dominated by what type of organism?

A

Seagrass and seaweeds

143
Q

Is there a lot of light under a kelp canopy?

A

No

144
Q

Understory

A
  • smaller kelps
  • laminaria and pterygophora
  • erect fronds above/on bottom
145
Q

Algal turf

A
  • mostly red algae
  • branching
  • encrusting
146
Q

What animals live in the holdfasts?

A
  • polychaetes
  • crustaceans
  • brittle stars
147
Q

Animals that live on the blades and stipev rea

A

Tube dwellers, bryozoans, and sessile organisms

148
Q

TF: fishes have ecological niches in kelp communities

A

T

149
Q

What are small algae grazed by?

A

Snails, crabs, sea urchins, fishes

150
Q

TF: many grazers eat the large kelp

A

F

151
Q

Ways that organisms use kelp

A
  • eat drift kelp

- filter feeders eat detritus from drift kelp

152
Q

Drift kelp

A
  • Pieces of kelp
  • wash ashore or fall to the bottom
  • exported to other communities
153
Q

Most important grazer in kelp communities

A

Sea urchins

154
Q

Sea urchin explosion effects

A
  • eat live kelp+seaweeds
  • eat holdfast and stipe (☠️)
  • crawling weighs it down
155
Q

What do sea urchin normally eat?

A

Drift kelp

156
Q

Cause of sea urchin ⬆️

A
  • less 🦦, more urchins, less kelp
  • more 🦦, less urchins, more kelp
  • ⬇️ predators, competitors, and drift algae
  • sewage
  • larvae survival
157
Q

Chain of events from seals and sea lions to sea urchins

A
  • less seals and sea lions for orcas
  • orcas changed feeding habit (🦦)
  • less otters, more urchins
158
Q

Trophic cascade

A

Changes in abundance of 1 organism changes the abundance of the entire food chain

159
Q

Factors affecting health of kelp forests

A
  • El Niño
  • climate change
  • sea urchins
  • strong 🌊
160
Q

Sea otter infections

A

Toxoplasma

161
Q

TF: sea otters can help recover seagrasses since there is a trophic cascade. Why?

A

T.

  • more 🦦, less 🦀, more epiphyte grazers, less epiphytes=more ☀️ for seagrass
  • no 🦦, more 🦀, less epiphyte grazers, more epiphytes=less ☀️ for seagrass
162
Q

TF: catastrophic disturbances of kelp communities rarely recover

A

F

163
Q

El Niño

A

Warming of surface water in Eastern Pacific

164
Q

TF: geological processes influence marine habitats

A

T

165
Q

% of ocean in NH vs SH

A

NH: 61
SH: 80

166
Q

How many basins are there? Name them.

A

4:
- Pacific
- Indian
- Atlantic
- Arctic

167
Q

Are all the oceans interconnected?

A

Yes.

168
Q

Basin

A
  • Contains 💧

- SURROUNDED BY continents

169
Q

Why isn’t the Southern Ocean considered a basin?

A

Ocean SURROUNDS continent (opposite of basin-being surrounded)

170
Q

🌍 formation

A
  • young 🌍 was molten
  • denser materials sank (center)
  • less dense: floated (outer layers)
171
Q

🌍 layers in order (center->outer)

A

Inner core-outer core-lower mantle-upper mantle, asthenosphere-lithosphere-oceanic crust-continental

172
Q

Core

A
  • center
  • iron rich
  • inner core: solid
  • outer core: liquid
173
Q

Mantle

A
  • outside core
  • semiliquid
  • swirls +mixes over hundreds of million yrs
  • 🥵
174
Q

TF: mantle is near the melting point of 🪨

A

T

175
Q

Crust

A

Thin outermost layer

176
Q

Oceanic vs continental crust

  • what does it make up?
  • what is it made of?
  • density
  • thickness
  • age
  • wetness
A 
Oceanic: 
- sea floor
- basalt
- denser 
- thinner
- young
Continental:
- granite  
- less dense
- thicker
- dry 
- old
177
Q

Basalt

A
  • dark color
  • mineral
  • makes up sea floor
178
Q

Granite

A
  • light color

- type of 🪨

179
Q

What crust has granite? Basalt?

A

Continental: granite
Oceanic: basalt

180
Q

Continental drift

A
  • all continents once were a supercontinent

- supercontinent broke 180 million yrs ago

181
Q

What was the supercontinent called?

A

Pangaea

182
Q

Who created the hypothesis of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

183
Q

What coastlines fit together like a 🧩?

A

Opp sides of Atlantic

184
Q

Mid-ocean ridge

A

Continuous chain of underwater volcanic mountains ⛰ that extends across 🌍 basins

185
Q

Lithosphere

  • what is it made of?
  • types?
  • aka
  • what is it broken into?
  • what is it above?
  • base?
  • top?
A
  • Crust+top part of mantle
  • lithosphere and continental crust
  • 🪨 sphere
  • broken into tectonic/lithospheric plates
  • ⬆️ asthenosphere
  • base: fluid
  • top part of mantle of lithosphere: solid
186
Q

Asthenosphere

A
  • Layer of upper mantle below lithosphere

- semifluid (not as fluid as low lithosphere)

187
Q

TF: the mid-ocean ridge system is the second to largest geological feature on Earth

A

F

188
Q

Faults

A

Crack of crust

189
Q

Transform faults

A

Horizontal displacement in mid-ocean ridge

190
Q

How do islands form?

A

Submarine mountains break surface

191
Q

Mid- Atlantic ridge

A
  • Cuts in the middle of Atlantic Ocean
  • backwards Y in Indian ocean
  • along eastern Pacific
192
Q

East Pacific Rise

A

Main section of ridge in East Pacific

193
Q

Trenches

A
  • System of deep depressions in sea floor

- plate boundary

194
Q

Ridges and trenches geological activity

A

Ridges: earthquakes clustered
Trenches: 🌋 volcanoes

195
Q

TF: sea floor rock gets younger as it moves away from ridges

A

F. Older

196
Q

Sediment in ridges. What happens when it moves away from the ridges?

A
  • very little in crest @ bottom

- thickens

197
Q

What are reversals caused by?

A

Motion in outer core

198
Q

How is if possible to tell the orientation of 🌍 🧲 field?

A

⏰ 🪨 cooled

199
Q

Sea floor 🪨 patterns

A
  • stripes (magnetic bands)
  • parallel to mid-ocean ridge
  • switch between normal and reversal, symmetric
200
Q

Bands on sea floor 🪨

A
  • called 🧲 anomalies

- formed when 🪨 cooled at dif ⏰ from normal and reversal

201
Q

TF: the sea floor was created at once

A

F

202
Q

Rifts definition. How do rifts happen?

A
  • cracks in crust as pieces separate

- oceanic crust separates at mid-ocean ridges

203
Q

What happens when a rift occurs?

A
  • Releases pressure on mantle

- magma melts+rises through rift

204
Q

Sea-floor spreading definition

A
  • New sea floor

- moves away from ridges in mid-ocean ridges

205
Q

Sea floor spreading steps

A
  1. Rifts created
  2. Magma pushes oceanic crust ⬆️ to form mid-oceanic ridge
  3. Cools @ surface (new oceanic crust)
  4. Repeats
206
Q

How are tropical rain forest and coral reef similar?

A

Physical structure produced by organisms

207
Q

Coral reefs are the largest

A

Geological feature built by organisms

208
Q

TF: other reefs aren’t as widespread, large, or complex as tropical coral reefs

A

T

209
Q

What are coral reefs made of?

A

Calcium carbonate/limestone deposits from animals

210
Q

What are the reef builders called?

A

Corals

211
Q

Coral are

A

different groups of Cnidarians

212
Q

TF: all cnidarians build reefs

A

F

213
Q

Hermatypic

A

Reef building

214
Q

What part of coral produces the calcium carbonate skeleton? What do the skeletons form?

A
  • Polyps

- reefs

215
Q

Most important reef builders

A

Scleractinian corals

216
Q

Scleractinian corals aka

A

Stony/true corals

217
Q

What do reef building corals contain?

A

Zooxanthellae

218
Q

What do zooxanthellae do?

A
  • speed up coral🦴 formation
  • help build reefs
  • help deposit 🦴
  • photosyn. (give some organic matter to coral)
219
Q

TF: corals can’t produce their skeletons without zooxanthellae

A

F

220
Q

Without zooxanthellae

A
  • builds 🦴 slowly

- can’t build reefs (exceptions)

221
Q

What are zooxanthellae?

A
  • Dinoflagellates in animal tissue

- algae

222
Q

Normal vs reversal

A

Normal: compass points North
Reversed: compass points south

223
Q

TF: 🪨 contain 🧲 particles

A

T

224
Q

What happens when 🪨 is molten? Cools?

A
  • 🧲 particles move, point N (normal)/S(reversed)

- 🧲 particles freeze, keep direction despite magnetic field changes

225
Q

Mid ocean ridge crest

A
  • @ crest: new, no sediment

- away from crest: old, sediment

226
Q

Sea floor spreading and 🪨 stripes

A

developing sea floor 🥶 freezes and keeps🧲 field

227
Q

Different tectonic plates contain

A

Continental crust, oceanic crust, or both

228
Q

How thick are the tectonic plates?

A

100km

229
Q

TF: mid ocean ridges forms the edges of many plates

A

T

230
Q

New ocean floor aka

A

New oceanic lithosphere

231
Q

Plate with continental crust

A

Continent moves w/ crust (continental drift)

232
Q

What is created when continental crust separates and moves away from ridges? Oceanic?

A

Continental: continents
Oceanic: new ocean floor

233
Q

TF: as new lithosphere is created, old lithosphere is destroyed somewhere

A

T

234
Q

Plate spread

A

2-18 cm per year

235
Q

Trenches and oceanic lithosphere

A

Oceanic crust destroyed here

236
Q

How are trenches formed?

A
  • 2 oceanic plates collide:
    ☝️ goes underneath the other into mantle
  • continental and oceanic plates collide:
    Oceanic plate goes into mantle
237
Q

Subduction

A

☝️ plate goes underneath the other into mantle

238
Q

Trenches aka

A

Subduction zones

239
Q

Subduction produces

A

Earthquake: plate weakens and breaks because of 🥵 from mantle
🌋: plate melts, some molten material goes to surface=🌋, rest goes back into mantle

240
Q

Where is seafloor spreading occurring and subduction?

A

📝

241
Q

TF: only the continental crust goes into mantle during a collision between an oceanic plate and continental plate

A

F

242
Q

Why is the oceanic crust younger than the continental crust?

A
  • oceanic: denser, into mantle, destroyed at trenches

- continental: floats

243
Q

What develops when oceanic and continental plates collide?

A
  • continental 🌋 behind trench

- can form coastal ⛰ ranges

244
Q

When a 🌋 forms, are there earthquakes?

A

Yes

245
Q

2.13. Tell me what’s happening

A

📝

246
Q

Explain what happens with the continents as oceanic plates and continental plates collide.

A
  • Edge of continents lifts
  • cool lithosphere pulls interior of continent to mantle
  • seawater floods in (shallow seas)
  • breaks free/floats=normal elevation
247
Q

Why are trenches curved?

A

Earth is a sphere

248
Q

Island arcs

A

Curved chain of volcanic islands forming a trench

249
Q

What is the exception of coral that can build reefs without zooxanthellae?

A

Tubastrea

250
Q

Ahermatypic

2 Examples

A
  • can’t build reefs
  • mostly lack zooxanthellae
    Ex. Precious and black corals
251
Q

Coral polyps

A
  • cylindrical tissue+tentacles ⬆️ +mouth ⬇️

- nematocysts on tentacles (catch food, mostly zooplankton)

252
Q

The mouth of coral polyps opens to

A

The gut containing mesenterial filaments

253
Q

Reef building corals are ———— (polyp quantity)

A

Colonies of polyps w/ connected tissue, nervous systems, and digestive systems

254
Q

Cycle of polyp colonies on coral

A
  • Starts: panula settles on hard surface
  • Metamorphoses into founder polyp
  • survives: divides to make colony
255
Q

Panula

A

Planktonic coral larva

256
Q

TF: there is no such coral that Is one polyp

A

F

257
Q

Each polyp has a

A

Corallite (cup like calcium carbonate skeleton)

258
Q

How do polyp layers affect its skeleton?

A
  • more layers of CaCo3 =building 🦴

- upward and outward 🦴

259
Q

TF: calcium carbonate skeleton of polyp makes up the least bulk of the colony

A

F

260
Q

What forms the framework of a coral reef?

A

Calcareous coral skeletons

261
Q

Can corals grow and survive w/out eating

A

Yes, but zooxanthellae must get enough ☀️ for photosyn.

262
Q

Describe zooxanthellae in coral’s tissue

A

📝

263
Q

What do corals eat? Methods of feeding?

A
  • Zooplankton and detritus
  • polyp tentacles
  • polyp excretes mucus, cilia creates threads, passes along to 👄
264
Q

Coral reefs are called

A
  • Wall of 👄 mouths

Algal/biotic reefs

265
Q

Coral polyp feeding with coiled tubes

A
  • Mesenterial filaments along gut wall
  • secrete digestive enzymes
  • ejects through 👄 or body wall
  • digest+absorb org.m from sediment or outside body
266
Q

14.7

A

📝

267
Q

How did corals get nutrition? (4 ways)

A
  • photosyn. zooxanthellae
  • catch zooplankton+detritus w/mucus nets and tentacles
  • digest+absorb org.m w/ mesenterial filaments
  • absorb DOM
268
Q

Reef builders. What do they do?

A

Encrusting coralline algae

  • deposit CaCO3
  • help reef growth
  • prevent washing away (bc of stone pavement)
  • cement calcareous sediments
269
Q

TF: encrusting coralline algae can deposit more calcareous amounts than corals 

A

T

270
Q

How are ⛰ ranges formed?

A
  • collision between 2 continental plates
  • both float, none are subducted
  • weld together
  • rocks buckle and fold (folds=mountain range)
  • no trench
271
Q

Types of plate boundaries

A
  • mid-ocean ridges
  • trenches
  • shear boundary
272
Q

Shear boundary

A
  • plates slide past each other
  • no destruction or creation of lithosphere
  • fault has friction (between plates)
  • friction=plates lock
  • ⬆stress=plates break free (earthquake)
273
Q

How do plates move?

A
  • convection currents

- slab pull

274
Q

convection

A

heat causes swirling motions of mantle and asthenosphere

275
Q

What is the main cause for plate movement?

A

slab pull

276
Q

Slab pull

A
  1. oceanic lithosphere age + cools (away from ridge)
  2. Sinks into mantle (denser)
  3. Trench formation and pulls the rest of it w/ it
  4. causes plates to separate at mid- ocean ridge
    • magma rises (upwelling of mantle)
  5. base of lithosphere helps plate slide easily
277
Q

interglacial

A

warm

278
Q

Panthalassa

A

ocean surrounding Pangaea

279
Q

When did Pangaea break apart?

A

180 million years ago

280
Q

Types of marine sediment

A
  • lithogenous

- biogenous

281
Q

Finer vs coarse sediment

which sinks faster?

A

coarse

282
Q

Most common lithogenous sediment of open ocean floor

A

red clay

283
Q

Light for coral reefs

A
  • shallow (☀️ for zooxanthellae)
  • on continental shelf, islands, seamounts
  • clear water (doesn’t block ☀️)
  • warm water (above 20-35 degrees C)
284
Q

Temperature of corals

A
  • upper limit depends on the 🌡 of homesites
  • warm water (above 20-35 degrees C)
  • dif strains of zooxanthellae with dif 🌡 tolerance
285
Q

Two regions of sea floor

A
  • continental margins

- deep-sea floor

286
Q

Continental margins

A

boundary between continental and oceanic crust that accumulates sediment

287
Q

What does the continental margin consist of?

A
  • continental shelf
  • steeper continental slope
  • continental rise (gentle slope)
288
Q

Continental shelf

A
  • shallowest part of c. margin
  • made of c.crust
  • submerged
289
Q

Shelf break

A

end of c.shelf

290
Q

c.slope

A
  • starts @ shelf break to deep sea floor

- edge of continent

291
Q

c.rise

A
  • adjacent deep sea fans (deposit of sediment)

- thick sediment on floor

292
Q

Active vs. Passive margins

A 
Active:
- continental margin colliding with a tectonic plate
- high geological activity
- steep, rocky shorelines
- narrow c.shelf
- steep c. slopes
- little/no c.rise
Passive:
- on trailing edge of continent
- not much geological activity
- flat coastal plains
- wide shelves
- thick c. rise 
- gentle c. slope
293
Q

El Niño and La Niña phenomena

A

El Niño southern oscillation

294
Q

Depth of deep sea floor

A

3,000-5,000 m

295
Q

deep sea floor aka

A

abyssal plaim

296
Q

El Niño

A
  • global weather pattern
  • trade wind 🛑/don’t blow as hard, less pushing on side with higher water, slide back to other side (warmer water-more rain)
  • flipped ecosystems (side losing water has droughts)
297
Q

abyssal plain characteristics

A
  • abyssal hills
  • submarine channels
  • plateaus
  • rises
  • seamounts, guyots
298
Q

TF: trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean world

A

t

299
Q

TF: the sea floor at trenches rises upwards

A

f

300
Q

What is true about the water on the left side than the right side?
📝

A
  • higher water level
  • 60 cm higher
  • normal year
301
Q

How are mid-ocean ridges created? What’s happening at the center?

A
  • mantle material pushes up oceanic crust

- plates pulled apart, central rift valley

302
Q

Trade winds that push over equator, what temperature is going to be the water? What is it called? Currents up and down from poles? When do we get rain and why? Warm water?

A

Warm. Endowest pacific warm water pool. Cooler. Rain in winter because of cool water. Warm water evaporates faster-rain and humidity.

303
Q

Where do the volcanoes on Hawaii lie on? When did Hawaii start forming?

A
  • volcanoes on Emperor Seamount Chain

- less than million yrs ago

304
Q

Why do the seamounts get older on Hawaii?

A

hot spot

305
Q

Hot spot in Hawaii

A
  • stationary plume of hot magma rises
  • Pacific Plate (oceanic crust) moves over plume
  • eruptions of magma creates volcanoes in different places
306
Q

TF: the Hawaiian hot spot was always stationary

A

f

307
Q

Hot spots are usually under what? How many?

A
  • mostly oceanic plates, some continental

- 50

308
Q

Hydrothermal vents are behind

A

trenches

309
Q

Hydrothermal vents

A

heated water from mantle goes up through crust and emerges as deep-sea hot springs

310
Q

Algal ridge

A
  • distinct ridge on outer edge of corals

- absorbs wave action and prevents erosion

311
Q

Reef growth involving sediments

A
  • coral skeletons, coral rubble, green algae,🐚 (source of carbonate sediment)
  • build up of coarse sediment=reef growth
  • encrusting algae, sponges, bryozoans, etc. bind sediments
312
Q

TF: fine sediment damages corals when it settles directly on them

A

t

313
Q

What kind of sediment builds coral reefs?

A

biogenous

314
Q

What happens if the trade winds don’t blow as hard? 📝

A
  • go back to the other side

- El Niño

315
Q

Where does a lot of the sediment from coral reefs come from?

A
  • organisms who break down the reef structure w/hard structures
  • bioerosion
  • removes CaCO3 to form sediment
316
Q

Ways bioerosion occurs. What does this mean for other organisms?

A
  • burrowing through/into limestone
  • scape or dissolve
  • creates spaces for organisms
317
Q

A reef only grows if . . .

A

corals, coralline algae, sediment-binding, sediment-forming organisms build it faster than bioeroders destroying it

318
Q

TF: more species live on the surface of the reef framework than on the inside

A

f

319
Q

La Niña

A
  • we are in it
  • la Niño on 🔝, La Niña on bottom
  • ENSO cools
  • stronger trade winds push💧 further
320
Q

salinity for corals

A
  • high salinity

- no fresh water input especially from rivers

321
Q

Sedimentation for corals:



A
  • low sediments (no silt/fine sediments)
  • wave action to wash away sediment
    Why?
  • release mucus to get rid of it
  • blocks ☀️ and substrates
  • disease
  • smother coral and larvae

***mostly hate sediment

322
Q

Sedimentation for tolerant corals

A
  • silty environment
  • feed on sediment particles
  • reefs
323
Q

Pollution corals

A
  • low concentrations of pesticides and toxic wastes can cause harm
324
Q

Nutrient corals

A
  • like nutrient poor
  • lots of nutrients BAD (sewage, fossil fuel emissions, etc.)
  • interferes w/ skeleton formation
  • more nutrients=more seaweed, which outcompetes slow growing coral, more phytoplankton=blocks ☀️
325
Q

Eutrophication

A

Extreme algae growth bc of nutrients

326
Q

Coral reproduction

A
  • budding
  • fragmentation
  • sexually
327
Q

Types of coral reefs

A

Fringing reefs, barrier reefs, atolls

328
Q

Fringing reefs

A
  • tropics
  • can grow in soft bottoms w/ patches of hard substrates
  • rocky shorelines
  • can create own hard substrates
  • grows in fringes
  • near land, exposed to sediment & fresh💧
  • longest reef
329
Q

Fringe reef structure

A

📝

330
Q

Barrier reefs

A
  • along coats
  • farther from shore
  • separated by a lagoon (soft sediment bottom- protected from 🌊)
  • patch reefs/coral knolls/pinnacles: scattered coral formations
  • back reef slope can be as steep or gentle as fore reef slope
  • coral growth not as vigorous in the back reef slope as the fire reef slope (except gentle slopes)
  • flat reef flat like fringe reefs
  • sand clays: waves and currents pile up sand
  • richest coral growth at the outer reef crest spur and groove (exposed to winds) which can be found across types of reefs
  • fore reef slopes- gentle or vertical
  • ## at crest: corals are compact, below: variety
331
Q

Atolls

A
  • ring of reef
  • sand clays surround lagoon
  • far from land
  • no lit or fresh water run off
  • clear water
  • coral
  • reef flat: flat and shallow with not much corals
  • fore and back reefs extend all the way around atoll
  • crests strongly affected by wind and waves
    Lie in trade winds belt
    Fore reef slope is vertical
    Shallow lagoon
332
Q

How do Attols form?

A 
The sand clays were built by the accumulation of reef sediments 
- charles Darwin- attol formation 
1. 🌋 creates island 
2. Corals grow 
3. Fringe reef develops 
4. Reef flat gets wider and deeper to become lagoon (fringe reef becomes barrier reef) 
5. Sinks forming atoll
5.
333
Q

What do corals do for zooxanthellae

A

Give them nitrogen and phosphorus (nutrients used in nutrition cycle)

334
Q

Fish and coral relationship

A
  • waste products of fish are nutrients for coral
335
Q

Animals that eat coral

A

📝

336
Q

Coral reefs and nitrogen fixation

A

High nitrogen fixation

337
Q

Coral reefs zooplankton and nutrients

A

Brigougt i. By current

338
Q

Coral primary producers

A

Zooxanthallae and turf slag was, seaweeds, coralline algae, bacteria

339
Q

Competition on coral reefs

A
  • compete for space and light with other corals and encrusting algae and seaweed
  • over growing or directly attacking them
340
Q

Pre settlement vs post settlement hypothesis

A

Pre- fish community determined by availability of didfeeent species larvae before they settle
Post- plenty of settling larvae abundance determined by comeperin, space, food, resources after they settle

341
Q

CRown of thorns starfish

A
  • extrude Stimach from mouth
  • eat live tissue
  • recover 10-15 years
342
Q

Grazing on coral reefs

A

Microherbivores: small herbivore invertebrates (snail chitons polychaetes worms

Grazers effect where and what type of algae grow

Seaweeds eaten by fish keeps in check

343
Q

Trophic cascade

A

Effect on one species flows through ecosystem bc of indirect interactions i the food web

344
Q

Facultative and obligate symbiosis

A

Facultative: not dependent, can survive without them
Obligate: one or both members depend on each other for survival

Marine Bio (3 decks)

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