Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Marine Bio > Knowledge Check 6 > Flashcards

Knowledge Check 6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

TF: oceans are 🌎 largest factory of organic matter

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Finfish vs shell fish what’s majority caught

A

Finfish: (90% of catch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When did 🌎 reach 4 billion people? 5? 6? 7?

A

4: 1965
5: 1987
6: 1999
7: 2011

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fisheries and catches

A

Fisheries: exploited, exhausted
Catches: stabilized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

TF: the world is mostly catching more fish than buying it

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q 
2005: 
total marine fish 
Total marine molluscs
Total marine crustaceans 
World total catch in marine fishing areas
A

Marine fish: 69.6
Molluscs: 6.49
Crustaceans: 5.2
World total catch: 83.06

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are the largest catches

A
  • western pacific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Exhausted

A

Used up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Some of the richest fishing areas are located where?

A

Upwelling areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does upwelling increase primary production?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Purse 👜 seines capture

A
  • clupeoid fish
  • tuna
  • **schools
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Industrial fisheries

A

Fish used for other purposes other than eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Trawls catch

A
  • things at bottom
  • cods
  • mid water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are tuna captured?

A

👜 seines, gill nets, long lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gill nets catch

A

Drifting and bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Longline catches

A

Surface and bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What types of nets have by-catch

A

Trawls and long lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of nets

A

📝

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Renewable resources

A

Living Resources that can replace themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Non renewable resource

A

Can’t replace themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Overfishing

A
  • Catches ⬇️
  • smaller fish
  • too much fishing=smaller population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Growth rate/reproduction rate depends on

A

Stock (size of pop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a fishery need to do to be sustainable?

A

Can’t catch more fish that those being added via reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sustainable yield

A
  • Amount that can be caught to maintain a constant pop size (no growth, no decline)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Maximum sustainable yield

A

Max catch that can continue on w/out threatening the stock

Optimal catch
Occurs at medium populations, medium fishing effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Small stocks versus large stocks

A

Small: easier to overfish, slow growth rate
Large: held in check by natural mortality (small harvest still ⬇️ pop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fishing effort

A
  • # of boats and fishers

- time Spent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Little 🎣 effort vs intense 🎣 effort

A

Little: small catch, small fraction removed, pop can continue to grow

Intense: exceeds max sustainable yield, stock declines, overfishing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Catch effort curve

A

📝

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Increase fishing effort means

A

⬆️ catch (up to max sustainable yield)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Overexploited

A

Overfished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Underutilization

A

Small fishing efforts, small catch

Using less that potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How much percent of the biggest fishes in the world are gone?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Threats to fishery resources

A
  • overfishing
  • habitat destruction
  • by catch
  • pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Bycatch

A

Organisms caught unintentionally while fishing for other species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How much worldwide catch is bycatch

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ghost fishing

A

Trapping of abandoned fishing gear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

To be safe, where should your catch be set?

A

Below estimated optimum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Size and species of fish are controlled by what?

A

Net mesh size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Aquaculture

A

Using farming techniques to raise and harvest aquatic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Tf: more than half of all the fishes and shellfish consumed in the world is farmed

A

F. Almost half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Polychlorinated buphenyls

A
  • contaminants accumulate on farmed fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Trans genetic

A

Grows faster and longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where do timber and charcoal come from?

A

Mangroves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Pollution and aquariums

A

Collected using poisons or explosives that kill nearby fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Sponges and gorgonian properties are used in medicine

A
  • t
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

First of the sea’s non renewable energy to be used commercially

A

Oil and gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Exploratory drilling

A
  1. From drill shops or platforms

2. Steel is erected for extraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Source of energy from sea floor

A

Methane, methane hydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Source of mineral from sea

A

Offshore deposits of phosphates and sulfide

Polymetallic nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Polymetallic nodules

A
  • Lumps of minerals on sea floor belong c.shelf
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Sulfide deposits are at

A

Ridges and hydrothermal vents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Non loving resources from seawater

A

Tidal energy
Wave energy
OTEC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How to harness tidal energy

A
  • Mill wheels
  • Barriers in areas w/high tidal range
    ((drives turbines and electricity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Tidal energy

A
  • Energy contained in normal ebb and flow of tides
  • pollution free
  • changes tidal patterns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Cons of tidal energy

A
  • marshes injured
  • pollutants upstream
  • restricted river flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Wave energy

A

Energy from wind generated waves and strong currents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Tidal energy and wave energy similarity

A

Converted into electocity by turbines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does OTEC mean?

A

Ocean thermal energy conversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

OTEC

A

Process of taking advantage of temp dif of surface and deep water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Buofouling

A

Unwanted growth of seaweeds, encrusting, microorganisms

Challenge of harnessing energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Desalination

A

Convert seawater into fresh water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Desalinization plants

A
  • desert or semi desert
  • water shortage
  • reverse osmosis
  • produces saline residue
64
Q

Anthropogenic impacts

A

Effects of human activities

65
Q

How much of the world’s coral has been lost/high risk?

A

More than 1/4

66
Q

Tf: all corals are listed as vulnerable by CITES

A

True

67
Q

How are corals affected by humans?

A
  • excess nutrients
  • overfishing
  • run off
  • deforestation
  • dredging
  • explosives and poison
  • mining
  • trade/souvenirs
  • harvesting
  • seaweed
  • anchor, traps, shell collectors, reef waking, scuba
  • ocean acidification
68
Q

How does dredging affect corals

A

Sediments resuspended, ⬆️ sediment

69
Q

How does deforestation affect corals

A

⬆️ amount of soil washed out to the sea

70
Q

What is ocean acidification caused by

A

Increase of atmospheric co2

71
Q

How does ocean acidification affect coral

A

Makes Skelton more prone to dissolving

Restricts growth

72
Q

How does mining affect coral

A

Mined for construction material

73
Q

Coral stress

A

Bleaching and band diseases

74
Q

How do excess nutrients affect coral

A

Allows bacteria and fungi to take hold on damaged/stressed colonies

75
Q

Why is trawling bad

A

Scars on soft sediment, breaks sessile organisms

Sediment resuspended

Releases nutrients from bottom

Displaces/turns boulders

Threatens seamounts

76
Q

Pollution

A

Introduction of pollutants that ⬇️ quality

77
Q

Eutrophication. Where does the source come from? What does it contain? Why is it bad in general?

A

Fertilizers in runoff and sewage

nitrate, phosphate, etc.

Cause hypoxic zones

78
Q

Largest source of nitrogen to open ocean

A

Atmospheric input from fossil fuel combustion

79
Q

Hypoxic

A

Dead

80
Q

Stormwater runoff

A

Water from rain that gets carried to ocean

Includes: fertilizers, pesticides, oil, bacteria and viruses, parasites

81
Q

18.1

A

📝

82
Q

Domestic vs industrial sewage

A

D: carries wastewater from homes, buildings, stormwater runoff

I: factory waste and the like

83
Q

Impacts of sewage

A

Causes disease, infections, sex changes, low reproduction

84
Q

Sewage treatment

Examples

A

reduces bad effects of sewage treatment and creates sludge

Examples: sits in basin so solid matter settles out
decay bacteria and others break it down or chemicals

85
Q

How are hypoxic conditions created?

A

Increased bacterial decomposition caused by nutrient pollution

86
Q

💪🏼

A

You got this

87
Q

Sludge

A

Semiliquid material taken out of sewage
More concentrated than sewage
Lots if heavy metals and toxic stuff
create black deserts

88
Q

Sludge association with detritus feeders and bacteria

A
  • can’t handle OM in the sludge

- bacteria decompose OM (anoxic conditions)

89
Q

What can sludge do to marine organisms?

A
  • decrease populations, replaced by harder organisms

- bottom fishes have abnormalities bc of toxic substances

90
Q

Sewage

A

Waste displaced into the ocean often containing harmful substances

91
Q

Where is sludge displaced

A

Marshes (recycle nutrients)

92
Q

How is sludge recycled?

A 
Landfill
Construction blocks 
Compost 
Fertilizers 
Energy 
⚡️ electricity
93
Q

Crude oil aka

A

Petroleum

94
Q

Crude oil

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons

Turned into fuel, synthetic fibers, rubber, fertilizer (plastic material)

95
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen

96
Q

Is oil from natural seepage a pollutant?

A

No

97
Q

TF: natural seepage are the most important source if oil in South American waters

A

False . North

98
Q

Largest marine spill in the US

A

2010 Deepwater Horizon drilling platform gulf of 🇲🇽

99
Q

Large is Marine spill in the world

A

1991 in Iraqi war

100
Q

Components of oil

A
  • insolvable
  • some float on surface, some in sediment
  • tar balls
  • black deposits on shore
101
Q

Tf: oil isn’t biodegradable

A

F

102
Q

Biodegradation of oil

A
  • lighter components evaporate

- decompose by bacteria

103
Q

Effects of oil on marine life

A
  • receive oil components
  • interfere w/ reproduction, development, growth, behavior
  • ⬆️ chance of disease
  • prevent growth of phytoplankton
  • mammals and birds die bc 🪶/ hair has oil
104
Q

Crude oil is more toxic than fuel oil

A

F

105
Q

Oil spills on rocky shores

A
  • sessile organisms die
  • wave action and tides clean oil
  • recover
  • degradation by bacteria
106
Q

Spills on exposed rocky shores degrade/decline more quickly by bacteria if

A

An oil soluable fertilizer is added

107
Q

Oil spills drifting to salt marshes and mangroves

A

Absorb oil in sediment

108
Q

Oil spills in Coral reefs and seagrass beds

A
  • swollen tissue, lots of mucus, no tissue
109
Q

Persistent substances

A

Nonbiodegradable Substances that remain in the environment for years

110
Q

Persistent inorganic pollutants

A
  • toxic
  • synthetic
  • unnatural
111
Q

Persistent organic pollutants

A
  • natural
  • no carbon
  • not derived from living matter
112
Q

Persistent organic pollutants example

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

113
Q

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

A

Pesticides
PCBs
Dioxins
Furans

114
Q

What are pesticides

A

Chemicals used to kill insects and control weeds

115
Q

What is pesticides absorbed by?

A
  • phytoplankton and particles suspended
116
Q

What happens when an organism eats another organism with Coordinated hydrocarbon pesticides

A

In ternal concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons is higher than food supply

117
Q

Biological magnification

A

Increase concentration of non-biodegradable chemicals and higher levels of the food chain

118
Q

Affects of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides on birds

A

Concentrations in the body fat interfered with the making calcium in 🥚 shells

  • thin and break
119
Q

Pesticides on marine organisms

A

(Dissolve in fats, not excreted, stay inside organisms)

120
Q

PCB stands for

A

Polychlorinated byphenyls

121
Q

PCBs

A
  • Persistent
  • biological magnification
  • toxic
122
Q

Wild fish have more concentration of PCBs than farm fish. Why?

A

F. They are fat contaminated fish meal, have biological magnification

123
Q

PCBs are in hazardous waste

A

T

124
Q

Can dredging release PCB

A

Yes

125
Q

Dioxins and furans

A
  • from pulp mills and waste incinerators
  • natural too-> forest fires
  • cancer, birth defects, immune system prob
  • biological magnification
126
Q

Global distillation

A
  1. Evaporate in atmosphere
  2. Condense in cool atmosphere
  3. Released in precipitation

PCBs, dioxins, furans cycle

127
Q

Condensation of chemicals takes place near the equator

A

F

128
Q

Coronation hydrocarbons pollutants can form sex hormones

A

T

129
Q

Types of pollution

A

Eutrophication, Stormwater runoff, sewage, oil, pesticides, poly coronated byphenyls, heavy metals, radioactive waste, plastic, thermal pollution

130
Q

Heavy metals types

A

Mercury
Lead
Cadmium
Copper

131
Q

Methyl Mercury

A
  • Persistent and accumulate in food chain

- undergo global distillation

132
Q

The younger the fish the higher the Mercury contents

A

False

133
Q

Where can methyl Mercury be found

A

Coastal sediments

134
Q

Lead.

A

Peristaltic and concentrated in tissues

135
Q

Cadmium and copper

A

Small concentrated in marine life

from mining and refining operations

136
Q

Radioactive wastes

A

Radioactivity pollution

Penetrates through living matter

137
Q

Radioactivity

A

Atoms that emit radiation in the form of energy or particles

138
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A
  • natural

- reaches us from space

139
Q

Source of radioactivity

A

Waste of nuclear power plants
Sunken/crashed nuclear weapons
Industrial waste

140
Q

How much of beach trash is plastic

A

70%

141
Q

Plastic

A

Organic, synthetic, non biodegradable, durable material

142
Q

What is the biggest source of plastic waste

A

Packaging

143
Q

How many seabirds and marine mammals are killed because of plastic every year

A

Birds: 2 million
Mammals: 100,000

144
Q

Micro plastics are <5mm

A

T

145
Q

Thermal pollution

A

Pollution by heated water resulted from cooling process

146
Q

Thermal pollution effect

A
  • ⬇️ ability to dissolve o2
  • tropical species live below tolerable temps
  • brines turn desalinate
147
Q

Rare vs threatened vs endangered

A

Rare: face extinction, not in immediate danger but are at risk
Threatened: low #
Endangered: immediate danger of disappearing

148
Q

What cause the loss of biodiversity via species disappearance

A

Habitat loss and degradation

149
Q

Coastal Management

A

Wise use of coasts and benefits are sustained for future gen.

150
Q

Exclusive economic zones aka

A

EEZs

151
Q

EEZ

A

So 200 miles wide, nations have exclusive rights to fishing and other resources

152
Q

MPA

A

Protection and management areas of ecological significance

153
Q

Habitat Restoration

A

 helps recovery from stress by transplanting or restocking key species from healthy areas

154
Q

10 things you can do to save the ocean

A
  1. Take care of the environment
  2. Eat sustainably caught seafood
  3. beware of what you buy
  4. Save gas
  5. Save electricity
  6. Dispose of hazardous materials properly
  7. Use fewer plastics recycle
  8. Keep it clean
  9. Get involved keep in formed
  10. Endorse a new ocean ethic
155
Q

Artificial reefs

A
  • enhances biodiversity
  • irregular surfaces and hiding places
  • attact life
  • offshore oil rigs richer than rocky reefs
  • use more long lasting concrete
156
Q

Sediment resuspended (kills

A

Suspension feeders

Marine Bio (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions