Knowledge + Scientific Method Flashcards
what are the five nonscientific methods
- Method of tenacity
- method of intuition
- method of authority
- method of empiricism
- rational method
Information accepted as true because it has always been believed or
because superstition supports it
method of tenacity
Information accepted on the basis of a hunch
method of intuition
Relies on information or answers from an expert in the field
method of authority
seeking answers by logical reasoning
the rational method
what are the two limitations to the rational method
- logical conclusions only valid if premise statements are true
- people are not very good at logical reasoning
answering questions by direct observation
or personal experience
the empirical method
Based on the philosophy that all knowledge is acquired through the senses
the empirical method
method of tenacity
From habit or superstition
method of intuition
From a hunch or feeling
method of authority
From an expert
the rational method
From reasoning; a logical conclusion
empiricism
From direct sensory observation
Involves formulating specific questions and then systematically finding answers
the scientific method
what lead to the creation of many of our ethical guidelines
world war 2 hitler and nazis. their experiments were fucked up, shocker
what is the limitation of the method of intuition
theres no way to verify and separate inaccurate and accurate claims
what are the limitations for the method of tenacity
“inaccuracies, no method for correction, so even if all of society behaves in one way it doesn’t mean it’s right”
what is a sub-part of the method of authority
the method of faith
people believing in an authority or individual with absolute belief, no questioning or asking questions whatsoever afterwards
method of faith
a set of specific observations is the basis for forming a general statement about a larger set of observations
inductive reasoning
a general statement is the basis for reaching a conclusion about a specific example
deductive reasoning
_____ = increase, _____ = decrease
- induction
- deduction
generalise from a small set of specific examples to the complete set of all possible examples
induction
predict a small set of specific examples from a general statement about the complete set of all possible examples
deduction
characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals
variables
A statement that describes or explains a relationship between variables
hypothesis
what are the five steps of the scientific method
- observe
- form a hypothesis
- use hypothesis to generate testable prediction
- evaluate prediction by making systematic, planned observations
- use the observations to support, refute, or refine original hypothesis
what are the three principals of the scientific method
- empirical
- public
- objective
Answers are obtained by making structured or systematic observations
empirical
observations are available for evaluation by others
public
Outcome is not skewed by bias
objective
what is pseudoscience
a system of ideas that is presented as science, but lacks key components of actual scientific research
what is quantitative research
produces numerical scores to be analysed statistically
what is qualitative research
based on making observations
