Knowledge + Scientific Method Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five nonscientific methods

A
  1. Method of tenacity
  2. method of intuition
  3. method of authority
  4. method of empiricism
  5. rational method
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2
Q

Information accepted as true because it has always been believed or
because superstition supports it

A

method of tenacity

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3
Q

Information accepted on the basis of a hunch

A

method of intuition

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4
Q

Relies on information or answers from an expert in the field

A

method of authority

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5
Q

seeking answers by logical reasoning

A

the rational method

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6
Q

what are the two limitations to the rational method

A
  1. logical conclusions only valid if premise statements are true
  2. people are not very good at logical reasoning
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6
Q

answering questions by direct observation
or personal experience

A

the empirical method

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7
Q

Based on the philosophy that all knowledge is acquired through the senses

A

the empirical method

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8
Q

method of tenacity

A

From habit or superstition

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9
Q

method of intuition

A

From a hunch or feeling

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10
Q

method of authority

A

From an expert

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11
Q

the rational method

A

From reasoning; a logical conclusion

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12
Q

empiricism

A

From direct sensory observation

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13
Q

Involves formulating specific questions and then systematically finding answers

A

the scientific method

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14
Q

what lead to the creation of many of our ethical guidelines

A

world war 2 hitler and nazis. their experiments were fucked up, shocker

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15
Q

what is the limitation of the method of intuition

A

theres no way to verify and separate inaccurate and accurate claims

16
Q

what are the limitations for the method of tenacity

A

“inaccuracies, no method for correction, so even if all of society behaves in one way it doesn’t mean it’s right”

17
Q

what is a sub-part of the method of authority

A

the method of faith

18
Q

people believing in an authority or individual with absolute belief, no questioning or asking questions whatsoever afterwards

A

method of faith

19
Q

a set of specific observations is the basis for forming a general statement about a larger set of observations

A

inductive reasoning

20
Q

a general statement is the basis for reaching a conclusion about a specific example

A

deductive reasoning

21
Q

_____ = increase, _____ = decrease

A
  1. induction
  2. deduction
22
Q

generalise from a small set of specific examples to the complete set of all possible examples

23
Q

predict a small set of specific examples from a general statement about the complete set of all possible examples

24
characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals
variables
25
A statement that describes or explains a relationship between variables
hypothesis
26
what are the five steps of the scientific method
1. observe 2. form a hypothesis 3. use hypothesis to generate testable prediction 4. evaluate prediction by making systematic, planned observations 5. use the observations to support, refute, or refine original hypothesis
27
what are the three principals of the scientific method
1. empirical 2. public 3. objective
28
Answers are obtained by making structured or systematic observations
empirical
29
observations are available for evaluation by others
public
30
Outcome is not skewed by bias
objective
31
what is pseudoscience
a system of ideas that is presented as science, but lacks key components of actual scientific research
32
what is quantitative research
produces numerical scores to be analysed statistically
33
what is qualitative research
based on making observations