Knowledge Nuggets

Question 1

When does the cerebrum dominate during growth and when does it completely cover the rest of the lower brain (brainstem)?

Answer 1

It dominates after 7th week and covers the brainstem at 14th week

Question 2

Which nerve has the longest axon?

Answer 2

Sciatic nerve

Question 3

What does not stain in H&E and appears white/yellow in formalin?

Answer 3

Myelin

Question 4

What is the basis of Brodmann’s areas?

Answer 4

Number of layers and their cellularity

Question 5

Axons sub serving similar functions are laid out in an orderly fashion within fiber tracts

Answer 5

Lamination

Question 6

Which part of the inferior frontal gyrus is used as a surgical landmark?

Answer 6

Pars triangularis

Question 7

Which part of the internal capsule do motor fibers pass through?

Answer 7

Posterior limb

Question 8

Which part of the internal capsule do frontopontine and thalamocortical fibers pass through?

Answer 8

Anterior limb

Question 9

Part of the internal capsule that contains optic radiations:

Answer 9

Retrolenticular portion

Question 10

What is the most anterior part of corpus callosum?

Answer 10

Genu

Question 11

Connects the Broca to the Wernicke’s

Answer 11

Arcuate Fasciculus

…actually it’s extreme capsule

Question 12

Connects inferior frontal gyrus and anterior temporal lobe

Answer 12

Uncinate fasciculus

Question 13

Connects the frontal lobe to parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices

Answer 13

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

Question 14

Connects the occipital and temporal cortices

Answer 14

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

Question 15

What supplies the basal ganglia?

Answer 15

ACA, MCA, lenticulostriate arteries

Question 16

Most common site of hemorrhage in the brain?

Answer 16

Basal ganglia

Question 17

What comprises the corpus striatum?

Answer 17

Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Nucleus accumbens

Question 18

What comprises the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 18

Putamen, globus pallidus

Question 19

What is the function of corpus striatum?

Answer 19

Main afferent input to the basal ganglia circuitry

Question 20

Neurotransmitter of corpus striatum?

Answer 20

GABA

Question 21

What makes substantia nigra appear dark?

Answer 21

Neuromelanin (precursor of dopamine)

Question 22

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

Answer 22

Nigrosomes

Question 23

These structures degenerate in Parkinson’s disease

Answer 23

Nigrosomes

Question 24

Connects the basal ganglia to the spinal cord

Answer 24

ARAS (ascending reticular activating system)

Question 25

How many spinal nerves do we have? What is their breakdown?

Answer 25

``` 31 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccyx ```

Question 26

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

Answer 26

3 months = Coccyx Birth = Inferior border of L3 Adult = Inferior border of L1

Question 27

Where does the thecal sac end?

Answer 27

S2 So you can only do lumbar puncture from L1 - S2

Question 28

Filum terminale is a prolongation of the _________.

Answer 28

Pia mater

Question 29

Fasciculus gracilis vs fasciculus cuneatus

Answer 29

Fasciculus gracilis contains the secondary neurons of T6 and below Fasciculus cuneatus contains the secondary neurons of T6 and above

Question 30

What is the secondary neuron for the spinocerebellar tract? It receives proprioception from muscle spindles.

Answer 30

Clarke's nucleus

Question 31

Tract used for conscious control of axial muscles:

Answer 31

Anterior corticospinal tract

Question 32

Tract used for conscious control of limb skeletal muscles:

Answer 32

Lateral corticospinal tract

Question 33

Tract for conscious control of eyes, jaw, and face muscles:

Answer 33

Corticobulbar tract

Question 34

The cerebral peduncles of the midbrain must pass through this dura.

Answer 34

Incisura of tentorium cerebelli

Question 35

Sloping shallow depression of the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull which supports the pons:

Answer 35

Clivus

Question 36

Termed as the primitive corticospinal tract

Answer 36

Red nucleus

Question 37

Point in the human brain at which 4th ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord. Contain the vomiting center

Answer 37

Obex