Introduction to Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the study of the brain and nervous system?
A
Neuroscience
2
Q
Branch of medicine concerned with the anatomy of the nervous system
A
Neuroanatomy
3
Q
How do you know if someone is having a stroke?
A
FAST
- Facial Drooping
- Arm Weakness
- Speech difficulties
- Time to call emergency services
4
Q
Where is Substantia nigra located?
A
Found in the midbrain, related to Parkinson’s disease
5
Q
What plane divides the body into left and right?
A
Sagittal Plane
6
Q
What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior?
A
Frontal Plane / Coronal Plane
7
Q
What plane divides the body in the superior and inferior?
A
Transverse Plane / Horizontal Plane / Axial Plane
8
Q
Basis of linear orientation of nervous system
A
Fish and reptiles
9
Q
What refers to “beak” end? Refers to the anterior in human brain.
A
Rostral
10
Q
What refers to “tail” end? Refers to the posterior in human brain.
A
Caudal
11
Q
What do you call the rostral-caudal central nervous system axis?
A
Neuraxis
12
Q
What is the “belly” side (towards the earth)?
A
Ventral
13
Q
What is the “back” side (towards the sky)?
A
Dorsal
14
Q
In humans, neuraxis is deformed to a __________.
A
Right angle
15
Q
How do you differentiate the anterior and posterior between the brain and the rest of the body?
A
Brain: Anterior = Rostral, Posterior = Caudal
Body: Anterior = Ventral, Posterior = Dorsal
16
Q
These cells transmit nerve impulses along nerve fibers:
A
Neurons
17
Q
Nerves are made up of _________.
A
Nerve fibers
18
Q
Components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Brain and spinal cord
19
Q
Components of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A
Cranial nerves and ganglia, spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and ganglia
20
Q
Consciously controlled
A
Somatic
21
Q
Unconsciously controlled
A
Autonomic
22
Q
What are the functions of the nervous system?
A
- Integration of body processes
- Control of voluntary effectors
- Control of involuntary effectors
- Response to stimuli
- Conscious thoughts and perceptions
23
Q
Approach to studying neuroanatomy that describes the brain’s evolution from simple to complex creatures
A
Comparative
24
Q
Approach to studying neuroanatomy that examines the development within an individual. it correlates emerging behaviors with developing brain.
A
Developmental
25
Approach to studying neuroanatomy that describes architecture of cells.
Cytoarchitecture / Cytoarchitectonic
26
A region of the cortex defined based on its cytoarchitecture and named after Korbinian Brodmann
Brodmann Area
27
Approach to studying neuroanatomy that describes intercellular communication (neurotransmitters)
Biochemical
28
Describe Parkinsonism
Low levels of dopamine in brain happens when nerve cells in a part of the brain that makes dopamine breaks down.
29
Approach to studying neuroanatomy that questions effects on functions upon damage.
Functional neuroanatomy
30
Approach to studying neuroanatomy that localizes structures in particular brain regions.
Regional neuroanatomy
31
What are the non-invasive brain imaging methods?
1. CT scan (Computerized Tomography)
2. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
3. fMRI (Functional MRI)
4. PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)
32
It uses x-rays to produce brain images with low resolution used for viewing structures.
CT scan (Computer tomography)
33
What tissue is seen as a dark area (hypodensity) in the brain CT scan?
Ischemic Brain
34
What tissue is seen as a light area (hyperdensity) in the brain CT scan?
Hemorrhagic Brain
35
What is the mechanism of having dark/light areas in a CT scan?
Dense areas prevent passage of x-ray, preventing it from burning the film (turning it into black).
36
Through which plane can CT scan only cut through?
Axial Plane / Horizontal Plane / Transverse Plane
37
Which non-invasive brain imaging is limited by thickness?
CT scan
38
In terms of information given and resolution, differentiate the 4 non-invasive brain imaging methods.
CT scan - Structure, low resolution
MRI - Structure, high resolution
fMRI - Function, high resolution
PET - Function, low resolution
39
Some non-imaging methods to study the brain:
Autopsy
Electrical stimulation
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
40
Which embryonic germ layer does the CNS and PNS originate from?
Ectoderm
41
Which embryonic germ layer does the notochord come from?
Mesoderm
42
Steps from ectoderm to neural canal
Ectoderm -> Neuroectoderm -> Neural Plate -> Neural Groove -> Neural tube w/ neural canal
43
Embryonic origin of the brain (specific)
Rostral end of neural tube
44
Embryonic origin of the spinal cord (specific)
Caudal end of neural tube
45
What are the primary vesicles and their corresponding secondary vesicles?
Prosencephalon (forebrain) -> Telencephalon, Diencephalon
Mesencephalon (midbrain) -> Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) -> metencephalon, Myelencephalon
46
What are the neural derivatives of the secondary vesicles?
Telencephalon: Cerebral cortex, White matter, Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus, Amygdala
Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus
Mesencephalon: Midbrain
Metencephalon: Cerebellum, Pons
Myelencephalon: Medulla oblongata
47
Outermost, durable connective tissue covering the brain with many blood vessels
Dura matter
48
Forms the periosteum of the skull bones
Dura matter
49
Avascular covering of the brain that does not follow its convolutions
Arachnoid matter
50
Covering that is closest to the brain, often adherent and difficult to remove because it follows the contours of the brain and spinal cord. It contains many blood vessels and nerves.
Pia matter
51
Space between dura matter and arachnoid matter
Subdural space
52
Space between spinal cord and vertebrae
Epidural space
53
Space between arachnoid matter and pia matter that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood vessels
Subarachnoid space
54
What are the divisions of the nervous system?
1. Central nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system
a. Autonomic nervous system
i. Sympathetic nervous system
ii. Parasympathetic nervous system
b. Somatic nervous system
55
What part of the spinal cord is the collection of motor nerves?
Anterior Horn of the spinal cord
56
Crescent shaped fold of dura matter descending vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres:
Falx cerebri
57
Fold of dura matter that separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum
Falx cerebelli
58
Dural fold that separates supratentorial (cerebrum) and infratentorial (midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum)
Tentorium cerebelli
59
What do you call cell bodies in the CNS?
Nuclei
60
What do you call cell bodies in the PNS?
Ganglia
61
What do you call the axons in the CNS?
Tracts
62
What do you call the axons in the PNS?
Nerves
63
Continuous cortical sheath in the brain that contains cell bodies of neurons:
Gray matter
64
Comprises axon tracts with no neurons in the brain:
White matter
65
Gray matter found in large clusters
Nuclei
66
Difference between the gray matter in the brain and the spinal cord:
Brain - gray matter is outside
| Spinal cord - gray matter is inside
67
White matter pathway that connects identical structures on the right and left sides of the CNS (connects across)
Commissure
68
Biggest commissure and acts as the most important landmark in the brain. It is a bridge of axons that joins the two hemispheres and allows communication between them.
Corpus callosum
69
Pathways carrying signals away from a structure to the brain
Afferent
70
Pathways carrying signals towards a structure away from the brain
Efferent
71
Different types of white matter (fibers):
Projection fibers = From brain down to spinal cord
Commissural fibers = Between hemispheres
Association fibers = Connections between structures on the same side
72
What structures circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Ventricles
73
What structure produces CSF?
Choroid plexus
74
Forms a spongy cushion to protect the CNS from excessive accelerating and decelerating head movements
Cerebrospinal fluid
75
Two separate ventricles that are in each of the cerebral hemispheres
Lateral ventricles
76
Connection between lateral ventricles and the third ventricle
Foramina of Monro
77
Connection between the third ventricle and fourth ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius
78
Connection between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space
Foramina of Luschka
| Foramen of Magendie
79
Study ventricular system landmarks
Table 3, 2023 Trans 1
80
The outwardly rounded ridges of cortex
Gyrus
81
The grooves between the gyri
Sulcus
82
Deep sulcus
Fissure
83
What are the three brain fissures?
1. Longitudinal fissure
2. Central fissure of Rolando
3. Lateral fissure of Sylvius
84
What are the 4 major loves of the cerebral cortex?
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
85
It is the cortex within a cortex
Insular cortex / Island of Reil
86
Most developed part of the cerebral cortex which is essential for more complex mental functions than detecting basic dimension of sensory stimulation
Association cortex
87
Part of the cortex that functions in movement
Primary cortex
88
Language impairment after a neurological injury
Aphasia
89
Motor control, strength deficits affecting speech
Dysarthria
90
Right brain corresponds to which hand?
Left hand
91
Left brain corresponds to which hand?
Right hand
92
Hemisphere that functions in written and spoken language, number skills, scientific functions, and reasoning?
Left brain (right handed)
93
Hemisphere that functions in art, music, spatial orientation, creativity, and insight?
Right brain (left handed)
94
Handedness and hemispheric specialization for language
Order: left hemisphere / right hemisphere / both
Left handed/Mixed = 70 / 15 / 15
Right handed = 96 /4 /0
95
In the CNS, all neurons are in the cortex. T/F.
False, others are also in the subcortical area
96
Regulates motor function and muscle tone
Basal ganglia
97
Relay center of sensorimotor information to the cortex
Thalamus
98
Short term memory and learning
Hippocampus
99
Autonomic and endocrine functions like temperature regulation, circadian rhythm, emotional behavior, feeding behavior, etc.
Hypothalamus
100
Large masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebral hemisphere. These are a set of functionally related nuclei.
Basal ganglia / Basal nucleus
101
Two important basal ganglia nuclei:
1. Caudate nucleus
| 2. Putamen
102
Moderates the intensity of motor activity by inhibiting the thalamus to a lesser or greater extent
Basal ganglia
103
Dystonia, Parkinson's disease are defects of the:
Basal ganglia
104
True or false. Basal ganglia is a cortical relay nuclei.
False. They work together with the cortex to control voluntary movement.
105
True or false. Each separate functional area of cortex has a separate thalamic nucleus.
True
106
The only ways information can get to the cortex is via:
1. Thalamic relay
| 2. Cortico-cortical links
107
Represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor and sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body
Homunculus
108
What does the lateral side of the homunculus represent?
Face and arms
109
What does the middle/medial side of the homunculus represent?
Legs and feet
110
Supplies medial aspect of the cerebrum:
Anterior cerebral artery
111
Supplies lateral aspect of the cerebrum:
Middle cerebral artery
112
How many percent of fibers decussate?
90% of fibers cross
113
What are the 3 major tracts of the central nervous system and their functions?
1 Descending tract (motor)
- Lateral corticospinal tract
2 Ascending tracts (sensory)
- Posterior column pathway / medial lemniscal pathway (vibration, joint position, position sense, fine touch)
- Anterolateral pathway / spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, crude touch)
114
What is the name and level of decussation for the lateral corticospinal tract?
Pyramidal decussation (cervico-medullary junction)
115
What is the name and level of decussation for the posterior column pathway / medial lemniscal pathway?
Internal arcuate fibers (lower medulla)
116
What is the name and level of decussation for the anterolateral pathway / spinothalamic tract?
Anterior commissure (spinal cord)
117
Old "mammalian brain," concerned with emotion and memory
Limbic lobe
118
Structure involved in production of feelings and emotions
Amygdala
119
Structure responsible for posture and balance. It is also responsible for maintenance of muscle tone and coordination of voluntary motor activity.
Cerebellum
120
Cerebral hemisphere lesions cause ___________ motor signs while cerebellar hemisphere lesions cause ___________ signs due to ____________ of fibers.
Contralateral, Ipsilateral, Double decussation
121
Two cranial nerves that do not pass through the thalamus
Olfactory nerve (CNI) and Optic nerve (CNII)
122
Which cranial nerves pass through the midbrain?
CNIII and CNIV
123
Which cranial nerves pass through the pons?
CNV - CNVIII
124
Which cranial nerves pass through the medulla oblongata?
CNIX - CNXII
125
Controls the body systems vital for life such as breathing, blood pressure, sleep/waking, balance, swallowing and vomiting
Brain stem
126
Responsible for visual, auditory, and orienting reflexes
Midbrain
127
Relay of information from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus. It is also responsible for control of movement and sensation from the face.
Pons
128
Integration of breathing and swallowing. Control of respiration, blood pressure, and cortical arousal.
Medulla
