Embryology of the Nervous System

Question 1

What is the product of the fertilization of the egg?

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

What is the product of the continuous cleavage of a zygote / a fertilized egg

Answer 2

Blastomere

Question 3

What is the product of rapid mitotic division of a blastomere?

Answer 3

Morula

Question 4

Rearrangement of the cells forms this structure with a blastocoel.

Answer 4

Blastocyst

Question 5

Process of producing the 3 germ layers

Answer 5

Gastrulation

Question 6

What are the 3 germ layers?

Answer 6

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

Question 7

What are the derivatives of the ectoderm?

Answer 7

Neural ectoderm = Nervous system

Surface ectoderm = Skin

Question 8

Germ layer that gives rise to mesenchymal elements and structures that surround the spinal cord

Answer 8

Mesoderm

Question 9

Germ layer that gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 9

Endoderm

Question 10

Formation of a cluster of cells, crowded close together at the ectodermal cell layer destined to become the nervous system

Answer 10

Primitive streak

Question 11

Process of forming the neural fold and the neural tube

Answer 11

Neurulation

Question 12

When is the neural fold formed?

Answer 12

Day 20

Question 13

When is the neural tube completely closed?

Answer 13

Day 28 / 4 weeks of life

Question 14

When is the primitive streak formed?

Answer 14

Day 15

Question 15

Pear-shaped thickening located between the primitive node and the oropharyngeal membrane (future mouth)

Answer 15

Neural Plate

Question 16

When is the neural plate formed?

Answer 16

3rd week of gestation

Question 17

The neural plate folds inward to form the __________ flanked by parallel __________.

Answer 17

Neural groove, neural folds

Question 18

What structure induces formation of the neural tube?

Answer 18

Notochord

Question 19

Product of the fusion of the neural folds

Answer 19

Neural tube

Question 20

Fusion of the neural folds to form the neural tube occurs from the __________ region to the __________ region.

Answer 20

Occurs from cervical region to caudal region.

Question 21

What is the future derivative of the rostral portion of the neural tube?

Answer 21

Brain

Question 22

What is the future derivative of the caudal portion of the neural tube?

Answer 22

Spinal cord

Question 23

Process of neural tube formation

Answer 23

Primary neurulation

Question 24

When do most malformations occur during pregnancy?

Answer 24

1st trimester

Question 25

Cell body + Axon + Dendrites

Answer 25

Neuron

Question 26

Collection of cell bodies in CNS

Answer 26

Nuclei

Question 27

Collection of cell bodies in PNS

Answer 27

Ganglia

Question 28

Collection of axons in PNS

Answer 28

Nerve

Question 29

What causes the color of white matter?

Answer 29

Myelin sheath

Question 30

Which is outer in the brain? White or gray matter?

Answer 30

Gray matter

Question 31

Which is outer in the spinal cord? White or gray matter?

Answer 31

White matter

Question 32

What are the neural crest derivatives?

Answer 32

CADMASS 1. Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine) 3. Autonomic ganglion 2. Dorsal root ganglion 3. Melanocytes 4. Arachnoid and Pia matter 5. Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves 6. Schwann cells

Question 33

True or false. Proliferation of cells at the cephalic end of the neural tube and differential growth causes the neural tube to dilate and form three primary vesicles, which later become 5 secondary vesicles.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

When is the formation of the 3 primary vesicles?

Answer 34

4th week (28 days)

Question 35

When is the formation of the 5 secondary vesicles?

Answer 35

5th week (35 days)

Question 36

Prosencephalon gives rise to:

Answer 36

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Question 37

Mesencephalon gives rise to:

Answer 37

Retains as mesencephalon

Question 38

Rhombencephalon gives rise to:

Answer 38

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

Question 39

Adult fate of the telencephalon:

Answer 39

Cerebrum

Question 40

Adult fate of diencephalon:

Answer 40

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

Question 41

Adult fate of mesencephalon:

Answer 41

Midbrain

Question 42

Adult fate of metencephalon:

Answer 42

Pons, Cerebellum

Question 43

Adult fate of myelencephalon:

Answer 43

Medulla

Question 44

What structure specifically develops from rhombencephalon lips?

Answer 44

Cerebellum

Question 45

First flexure to form. It divides prosencephalon from mesencephalon.

Answer 45

Cephalic flexure

Question 46

Separates medulla and pons in the rhombencephalon.

Answer 46

Pontine flexure

Question 47

Separates brainstem from spinal cord during early development

Answer 47

Cervical flexure

Question 48

True or false. Flexures are formed in order to accommodate the developing brain in the limited space.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

2 flexures already present when there are only 3 vesicles:

Answer 49

Cervical and cephalic flexure

Question 50

Flexure that only occurs when there are already 5 vesicles

Answer 50

Pontine flexure

Question 51

Why are thalamic structures found deep within the cerebral cortex?

Answer 51

Because the telencephalon expands via cell proliferation and covers the diencephalon.