Knowledge managemnet

Question 1

primary research

Answer 1

the original study

Question 2

SECONDARY RESEARCH

Answer 2

the combo of studies that has been synthesized, summarized n analysed. the results are systematic reviews, practice guidelines, economic health analyses etc

Question 3

critical apppraisal tool

Answer 3

guides

checklists, which are based around these 5 type of qs:
therapy
diagnosis
prognosis
prevention
atielogy

Question 4

3 things to consider when critically appraising any study

Answer 4

VALIDITY, RELIABILITY, APPLICABILITY

Question 5

validity definition

Answer 5

The validity of a study is the extent to which its design and conduct are likely to prevent systematic errors, or bias.
 More methodologically rigorous studies may be more likely to yield results that are closer to the “truth”

Question 6

Qs about validity

Answer 6

• Are the results of the study valid?
• Did the trial address a clearly focused issue
• Was the assignment of the participants randomized AND concealed?
• Were all of the participants who entered the trial properly accounted for at its conclusion?
• Was the study conducted with an intention to treat?
• Were participants, professionals and study personnel ‘blind’ to the intervention(s)?
• Were the groups similar at the start of the trial?
• Aside from the experimental intervention, were the groups treated equally?
• the qs are really about randomisation with concealment, the follow up of both groups to completion, intention to treat analysis, and making sure that there were no co-interventions
•

Question 7

confidence intervals

Answer 7

Precision is another measure of the likelihood of random errors. It is reflected in the confidence interval around the estimate of effect.
 Confidence intervals do more than indicate whether the results might be a chance effect. They illustrate, allowing for the role of chance, how small or how large the true effect size might be.
The narrower the confidence interval the more certain one can be about the size of the true effect.
 If an unbiased study reports a 95% confidence interval this means that there is a 95% chance that the true effect lies within the confidence interval.

Question 8

Statistical significance

Answer 8

• Doesn’t tell u anything about bias
• Could still be high even if methods were poor
• Ie the idea that this result occurred due to a particular cause, rather than just chance

Question 9

p value

Answer 9

type 1 statistical error

Question 10

event rate in placebo group

Answer 10

X

Question 11

event rate in the treatment group

Answer 11

Y

Question 12

Absolute risk reduction (ARR)

Answer 12

ARR = X-Y.

difference in the proportion of subjects with the outcome of interest in each group

Question 13

relative risk (RR)

Answer 13

RR = Y/X

the probability of an event in the active treatment group divided by the probability of an event in the control group.

A relative risk of 1 is the null value or no difference.

Question 14

Relative risk reduction (RRR)

Answer 14

100*(X-Y)/X

standardised measure of the absolute risk reduction. It can be expressed as the absolute risk reduction divided by the probability of an event in the control group.

Question 15

Number needed to treat (NNT)

Answer 15

NNT= 1/ARR).

how many ppl u have to treat to prevent one more death / get a desired outcome