Knowledge

Question 1

What does encoding in terms of physical characteristics refer to?

Answer 1

It is perception-based forms of encoding(often referred to as imagery) based on sensory modalities.

Question 2

Action-based encoding is important in ___ knowledge, at least when that knowledge involves psychomotor skills-shooting a basketball, driving a car.

Answer 2

procedural.

Question 3

When procedural knowledge involves conditional knowledge, it’s also stored in the form of ___, which can best be described as a set of _________ rules.

Answer 3

productions; if-then.

Question 4

What is a symbol?

Answer 4

A symbol is something that represents an object or event, often without bearing any resemblance of the thing it stands for, for example, words, maps, or graphs.

Question 5

Poems, lyrics, and self-instructions are often encoded in long-term memory in the form of ______.

Answer 5

verbal codes.

Question 6

When recall of verbal information is delayed, people tend to remember the underlying ___-the gist-of what they see or hear.

Answer 6

meaning.

Question 7

Some theorists have suggested that meanings are stored as ___, a small unit of knowledge concerning relationships among objects or events.

Answer 7

propositions.

Question 8

What are the two components in a proposition?

Answer 8

Firstly, a proposition includes one or more arguments-objects or events that are the topics of the proposition; secondly, it involves a single relation-a description of an argument or a relationship among two or more arguments.

Question 9

The various forms of encoding ___ to some extent, that is, we sometimes encode the same information simultaneously in two or more forms.

Answer 9

overlap.

Question 10

What is a concept?

Answer 10

A concept is a mental grouping of objects or events that are similar in some way.

Question 11

What is a concrete concept?

Answer 11

A concrete concept is a concept can easily be identified by physical appearances, such as dogs, cats, jump, run.

Question 12

What is an abstract concept?

Answer 12

An abstract concept is a concept that involves similarities that aren’t readily observable on the surface, for example, mother, grandfather, mathematics, physics.

Question 13

A ___ instance is a particular example of a concept, for example, dogs and cats are ___ instances of the concept animal.

Answer 13

positive; positive.

Question 14

A ___ instance is a nonexample of a concept, for example, the Chihuahua is a ___ instance of the concept cat.

Answer 14

negative; negative.

Question 15

What is undergeneralization?

Answer 15

The inability to recognize all positive instances.

Question 16

What is overgeneralization?

Answer 16

The inability to reject all negative instances.

Question 17

___ features must be present in all positive instances, whereas ___ features are frequently found in positive instances but don’t warrant concept membership.

Answer 17

Defining; correlational.

Question 18

A ___ is a typical example that has almost all defining features of the concept, e.g., sparrow of the concept bird, whereas ___ is a specific example of the concept, e.g., raspberry for the concept fruit.

Answer 18

prototype; exemplar.

Question 19

A ___ is a closely connected set of ideas (including concepts) related to a specific object or event.

Answer 19

schema.

Question 20

One’s ___ often influence how one perceives and remembers new situations.

Answer 20

schemas.

Question 21

Event-based schemas sometimes are called ___.

Answer 21

scripts.

Question 22

How do schemas and scripts reduce information overload?

Answer 22

They help people to focus their attention on things that are likely to be important and to ignore what’s probably unimportant.

Question 23

People may remember something that never happened because they use their existing ___ and ___ to mentally fill in the missing pieces in order to understand incomplete information.

Answer 23

schemas; scripts.