Knowledge Flashcards
What does encoding in terms of physical characteristics refer to?
It is perception-based forms of encoding(often referred to as imagery) based on sensory modalities.
Action-based encoding is important in ___ knowledge, at least when that knowledge involves psychomotor skills-shooting a basketball, driving a car.
procedural.
When procedural knowledge involves conditional knowledge, it’s also stored in the form of ___, which can best be described as a set of _________ rules.
productions; if-then.
What is a symbol?
A symbol is something that represents an object or event, often without bearing any resemblance of the thing it stands for, for example, words, maps, or graphs.
Poems, lyrics, and self-instructions are often encoded in long-term memory in the form of ______.
verbal codes.
When recall of verbal information is delayed, people tend to remember the underlying ___-the gist-of what they see or hear.
meaning.
Some theorists have suggested that meanings are stored as ___, a small unit of knowledge concerning relationships among objects or events.
propositions.
What are the two components in a proposition?
Firstly, a proposition includes one or more arguments-objects or events that are the topics of the proposition; secondly, it involves a single relation-a description of an argument or a relationship among two or more arguments.
The various forms of encoding ___ to some extent, that is, we sometimes encode the same information simultaneously in two or more forms.
overlap.
What is a concept?
A concept is a mental grouping of objects or events that are similar in some way.
What is a concrete concept?
A concrete concept is a concept can easily be identified by physical appearances, such as dogs, cats, jump, run.
What is an abstract concept?
An abstract concept is a concept that involves similarities that aren’t readily observable on the surface, for example, mother, grandfather, mathematics, physics.
A ___ instance is a particular example of a concept, for example, dogs and cats are ___ instances of the concept animal.
positive; positive.
A ___ instance is a nonexample of a concept, for example, the Chihuahua is a ___ instance of the concept cat.
negative; negative.
What is undergeneralization?
The inability to recognize all positive instances.
What is overgeneralization?
The inability to reject all negative instances.
___ features must be present in all positive instances, whereas ___ features are frequently found in positive instances but don’t warrant concept membership.
Defining; correlational.
A ___ is a typical example that has almost all defining features of the concept, e.g., sparrow of the concept bird, whereas ___ is a specific example of the concept, e.g., raspberry for the concept fruit.
prototype; exemplar.
A ___ is a closely connected set of ideas (including concepts) related to a specific object or event.
schema.
One’s ___ often influence how one perceives and remembers new situations.
schemas.
Event-based schemas sometimes are called ___.
scripts.
How do schemas and scripts reduce information overload?
They help people to focus their attention on things that are likely to be important and to ignore what’s probably unimportant.
People may remember something that never happened because they use their existing ___ and ___ to mentally fill in the missing pieces in order to understand incomplete information.
schemas; scripts.
