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Musculoskeletal I > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What is unique about the knee’s size?

A
  • Largest joint in body

- Sandwiched between the 2 largest levers in the body

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2
Q

Due to the medial and lateral compartment of the knee, how is the arthrokinematic motion affected?

A
  • Rotates around 2 axes

- Slides in 2 directions

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3
Q

What is the major type of stability provided at the knee?

A

Ligamentous.

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4
Q

What is the close packed position of the knee?

A

Maximal extension with ER.

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5
Q

What is the loose packed position of the knee?

A

25 degrees flexion.

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6
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the knee?

A

More limited flexion than extension.

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7
Q

What are the shapes of the medial and lateral meniscii?

A

Medial: C shaped
Lateral: O shaped

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8
Q

Which meniscus is thicker posteriorly in transverse cross-section?

A

The medial meniscus.

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9
Q

What are the shapes of the menisci in sagital cross section?

A

Wedge shaped.

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10
Q

What are 3 functions of the menisci?

A
  • Shock absorption
  • Joint motion
  • Joint nutrition
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11
Q

What are the 3 zones of the menisci?

A
  • Interior: White
  • Middle: White/red
  • Peripheral: Red
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12
Q

What type of effusion results from injury to the menisci?

A

Clear (synovial)

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13
Q

Which meniscus is more commonly injured?

A

The lateral meniscus.

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14
Q

How well innervated are the menisci?

A

Poorly.

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15
Q

Which joint has the thickest articular cartilage in the body?

A

Patellofemoral.

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16
Q

What are 2 functions of the patella?

A
  • Increases moment arm of the quads

- Protects femoral articular cartilage

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17
Q

Which facet of the patella is often the first affected by injury? Why?

A
  • Odd facet (on medial facet)

- Contact at greater angles knee flexion

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18
Q

What is the plica?

A

An extension of the synovial capsule of the knee.

19
Q

How much weight can the superior tibiofibular joint bear?

A

10 % of the ground reaction force

20
Q

What type abnormal arthrokinematic motion leads to knee pain in the superior tibiofibular joint?

A
  • Hypomobility
21
Q

What are the 3 conditions of the Pittsburgh Knee rule?

A
  • Blunt trauma or fall
  • Inability to take 4 steps immediately and in clinic
    OR
  • Age < 12 or > 50
22
Q

What two rules can be used to determine if an X-ray should taken for a fracture?

A
  • Pittsburgh knee rule

- Ottawa knee rule

23
Q

What are the 4 conditions of the Ottawa Knee Rule?

A
  • Age > 55
  • Tenderness at fibular head or patella
  • Inability to flex knee > 90 degrees
  • Inability to take 4 steps immediately and in clinic
24
Q

What type of injury results from rotary forces?

A

Meniscii injury.

25
Q

What type of injury results from varus/ valgus forces at the knee?

A
  • Collateral ligament injury

- Sometimes secondary cruciate injuries

26
Q

What type of injury results from anterior/ posterior force at the knee?

A
  • Cruciates

- Someimtes secondary collateral

27
Q

What type of injury results from non-contract hyperextension or deceleration injuries?

A
  • ACL

- Menisci may or may not be involved

28
Q

If there is a popping sound during a knee injury, what is indicated?

A

A soft tissue tear.

29
Q

What are 3 common subjective scales for knee injury?

A
  • Cincinnati Knee Score
  • Lysholm Score
  • Knee Outcome Survey
  • Lower Extremity Functional Score
30
Q

Which knee subjective scale is specific to to ligamental and meniscal injury?

A
  • Lysholm score.
31
Q

What are 3 measures of alignment of th eknee?

A
  • Varus/ valgus (q angle, hyperextension)
  • Tone in/ toe out (tibial torsion or hip anteversion)
  • Patellar positioning
32
Q

What are the 5 variations of patellar positioning?

A
  • Alta/ baja
  • Glide
  • Tilt “squinting”
  • Rotation
  • A/P
33
Q

What 6 observations should be made during an exam of the knee?

A
  • Alignment
  • Leg lengths
  • Equal weightbearing (with/ without shoes)
  • Atrophy/ hypertrophy
  • Swelling, scars. redness. hair loss
  • Gait deviations
34
Q

What structures should be felt for tenderness during a knee exam?

A
  • Bony prominences
  • Joint line
  • Muscle insertions
  • Ligaments
  • Fat pads
35
Q

What is normal AROM of knee flexion, extension, IR, and ER?

A

FLX: 0 - 135
EXT: 0 - 15
IR: 0 - 30 (knee at 90 degrees)
ER: 0 - 40 (knee at 90 degrees)

36
Q

What 4 other tests of motion besides ROM may be necessary?

A
  • Repetitive motions
  • Sustained end-range positions
  • Combined movements
  • Patellar excursion
37
Q

What ROM is greater in passive than in active in the knee?

A
  • Flexion
38
Q

How much should the patella glide medial and laterally during motion testing? What position should the knee be in?

A
  • Knee extended to 0 degrees

- Should extend past 1/2 patella width

39
Q

What structures are tested for flexibility when examining the knee?

A
  • Hamstrings
  • Rectus femoris
  • ITB
  • Gastroc
40
Q

What resisted motions should be performed in a knee exam?

A
  • Flexion extension
  • IR/ ER
  • Ankle plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion
41
Q

What are 10 functional tests of the knee from benign to aggressive?

A
  • Walking
  • Ascending/ descending stairs
  • Squatting
  • Squatting with bounce at end range
  • Running straight
  • Running straight, then quick stop
  • Verticle jump
  • Figure 8, carioca running
  • Jumping with full squat
  • Hard cuts, twists, pivots
42
Q

What are 5 specific measurable functional tests of the knee?

A
  • Single hop for distance
  • Triple hop for distance
  • Crossover triple hop for distance
  • Timed 6 meter hop
43
Q

What are 4 special tests for meniscal tears?

A
  • McMurray
  • Apley
  • Ege’s test
  • Dynamic test
44
Q

What are 3 ACL competence tests?

A
  • Lachman’s
  • Anterior drawer
  • Pivot shift

Musculoskeletal I (8 decks)

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