KLUBSY: BASICS OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards
What is the SI name for luminous intensity?
candela
What is the SI name for amount of substance?
mole
What is the SI name for thermodynamic?
Kelvin
What is the SI name for electric current?
Ampere
What is the SI name for time?
seconds
What is the SI name for mass?
kilograms
What is the SI name for length?
meter
what is the base quantity for the unit name: candela?
luminous intensity
what is the base quantity for the unit name: mole
amount of substance
what is the base quantity for the unit name: kelvin
thermodynamics
what is the base quantity for the unit name: amepere
electric current
what is the base quantity for the unit name: seconds
time
what is the base quantity for the unit name: kilograms
mass
what is the base quantity for the unit name: meters
length
what is the symbol for luminous intensity
cd
what is the symbol for candela?
cd
what is the symbol for thermodynamics
K
what is the mnemonics to remember prefixes used with SI units?
Every Prayer To God Moves King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk Monday Night Poor Forever Angel
What does the mnemonics Every Prayer To God Moves King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk Monday Night Poor Forever Angel?
- Exa
- Peta
- Tera
- Giga
- Mega
- Kilo
- Hecto
- Deka
- Base unit (meter, Liter, gram)
- Deci
- centi
- Milli
- micro
- Nano
- pico
- femto
- atto
What are the four analytes that have the SI unit umol/L?
Lithium Iron Bilirubin Ammonia Creatinine (LIBAC)
What is the SI unit for Lithium?
umol/L
What is the SI unit for Iron?
umol/L
What is the SI unit for Bilirubin
umol/L
What is the SI unit for Ammonia
umol/L
What is the SI unit for creatinine?
umol
What is the Conv unit for Lithium?
mEq/L
what is the conv unit for Bilirubin
mg/dl
what is the conv unit for Iron
mg/dl
what is the conv unit for creatinine
mg/dl
what is CF of Ammonia
0.587
what is CF of bilirubin
17.1
what is CF of creatinine
88.4
what is CF of iron
0.179
what is CF of lithium
1
what is CF for Sodium
1
what is CF for potassium
1
what is CF for chloride
1
what is CF for bicarbonate
1
what is CF for magnesium
0.5
what is CF for TPAG (Total protein, Albumin, Globulin)
10
what is CF for phospholipid
0.01
what is CF for immunoglobulins
10 or 0.01
what is CF for thyroxine
12.9
what is CF for pC02
0.133
what is CF for pO2
0.133
what is CF for triglycerides
0.113
what is CF for uric acid
0.0595
what is CF for phosphorus
0.323
what is CF for calcium
0.25
what is CF for cholesterol
0.026
what is CF for glucose
0.0555
what is CF for BUN
0.357
what is CF for BUN to Urea
2.14
what is CF for Urea to BUN
0.467
this is also known as analytic reagent
ACS standard reference material
ACS standard reference material is also known as
analytic reagent
what are the 5 grades of purity?
1- ACS standard reference material
2- Ultrapure
3-USP & NF
4- Chemically pure
5-Commercial/Technical
this grade of purity is for laboratory use
ACS standard reference material (Analytic rgnt)
this grade of purity is suitable for MOST analytic laboratory methods
ACS standard ref material or analytic rgnt
this grade of purity have undergone addtnl purification steps
ultrapure
this grade of purity is used n specific procedures such as HPLC, immunoassays, molecular diagnostics, etc.
ultrapure
USP stands for?
United state pharmacopeia
NF stands for?
national fomulatory
this grade of purity is used to manufacture drugs
USP and NF
this grade of purity is a.k.a pure grade
chemically pure
chemically pure is a.k.a
pure grade
prep of these chemicals is NOT uniform (impurity limitations are not stated)
chemically pure
this grade of purity is NOT recommended for rgnt prep in clinical laboratories
chemically pure
this grade of purity is primarily used in manufacturing
commerical/technical
this grade of purity is NEVER used in the laboratory
commercial/technical
this reference material is a highly purified chemical
primary standard
this reference material is measured DIRECTLY to produce a substance of exact known conc and purity
primary standard
this reference material is used instead of ACS primary standard materials
Standard Reference Materials (SRM)
this reference material is developed by NIST for use in the clinical chemistry laboratories
Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)
this reference material is used to verify calibration or accuracy/bias assessments
SRMs
this reference material is a substance of lower purity
secondard standard
this reference material has a conc that is determined by COMPARISON with a primary standard
secondard standrd
this reference material depends NOT ONLY on its composition, but also on the analytic reference method
secondary stndrd
who develops the SRMs?
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
this is the most frequent used rgnt in the laboratory
water
it is unsuitable for lab applications
tap water
this is the laboratory required water
reagent grade water
what are the Top 5 rgnt grade water categories?
1-Clinical Laboratory reagent Water
2-special rgnt water
3-instrument feed water
4- water supplied by method manufacturer
5-autoclave and wash water
6-commercially bottled purified water
this is the minimum water quality suitable for routine biochemical testing
CLRW
CLRW can replace what type/s of water for most applications?
Types 1 and 2
this can replace types 1 and 2 water for most applications
CLRW
this is used when CLRW purity is unsatisfactory
Special rgnt water
this is used for procedures that require water of different purity than CLRW
special rgnt water
depends on intended use such as sterility specification for tissue or organ culture, nucleic acid content for DNA testing, and trace metal analysis
Special rgnt water
can be used for internal instrument rinsing, autoclaving, filling water baths, and washing glassware
Instrument feed water
in this rgnt water grade category, specifications are set by manufacturer
instrument feed water
in this rgnt grade water category, the label states its intended use
Water supplied by manufacturer
feed water for autoclaves and dishwashers
autoclave and wash water
this type of rgnt grade water category replaces type III water designation
autoclave and wash water
autoclave and wash water replaces what type of water designation?
type iii
in this rgnt grade water category, it must meet specifications for intended use and be PACKAGED to protect from degradation and contamination
commercially bottled purified water
this is the substance dissolved in a liquid
solute
this is the liquid in which the solute is dissolved
solvent
solute + solvent =
solution
What are the 3 BASIC properties of solution?
- concentration
-saturation - colligative properties
parts per hundred or the amount of solute per
100 total units
percent solution
number of moles per 1L of solution
molarity
moles of solute per 1 kg solvent
molality
number of gram equivalent weights per 1L of solution
normality
relatively little solute
dilute
large quantity of solute in solution
concentrated
excess of undissolved solute particles
saturated
greater concentration of undissolved solute
supersaturated
pressure at which the liquid solvent is
in equilibrium with the water vapor
vapor pressure
temperature at which the vapor
pressures ofthe solid and liquid phases
are the same
freezing point
most commonly used & preferred colligative property
freezing point
uses
wheatstone bridge
freezing point
temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the solvent reaches one
atmosphere
boiling point
pressure that opposes osmosis when a
solvent flows through a semipermeable
membrane to establish equilibrium
between compartments of differing
concentration
osmotic pressure
What is the relationship between osmolality and freezing point?
IR
What is the relationship between osmolality and vapor pressure
IR
What is the relationship between osmolality and boiling point
DR
What is the relationship between osmolality and osmotic pressure
DR
What is the relationship between boiling point and vapor pressure
IR
What is the relationship between omotic pressure and vapor pressure
IR
T/F: FP and VP are directly proportional to osmolality
FALSE
either an integral part of an instrument or need to be placed in the device
Thermometers
used for temperature maintenance
thermometer
what are the three types of thermometers?
- liquid-in-glass (replaces mercury type)
- electronic thermometer (or thermistor probe)
- digital thermometer
what is used for the Calibration of liquid-in-glass thermometers?
an NISTcertified thermometer
Most common type of glassware in
volume measurements
Borosilicate
examples of borosilicate glass
- pyrex
- kimax
this glassware has a high degree of thermal resistance
Borosilicate
this glassware has low alkali content
borosilicate
this glassware is strengthened chemically rather than thermally
aluminosilicate
example of aluminosilicate glass?
corex
Six times stronger than borosilicate
glass
aluminosilicate
this glassware resists clouding and scratching better
aluminosilicate
this glassware is alkali resistant
boron-free or soft glass
this glassware has poor heat resistance
boron free
this glassware is Heat, chemical, & electrical tolerance
high silica
this glassware has Excellent optical properties
high silica
this glassware is Used for high precision analytic work, optical reflectors, mirrors
high silica
Made of Soda-lime glass
flint glass
this glassware is the Least expensive but poor resistance to high temp and sudden changes of temp
flint glass
Used for some disposable glassware
flint glass
This glassware has High thermal resistance w/ amber or
red color
Low actinic
This glassware has maximum protection to light-sensitive materials
low actinic
This glassware is Used to store control material and
reagents (ex: bilirubin standards)
low actinic
This glassware is Wide-mouthed, straight-sided jar with
pouring spout.
beaker
This laboratory glassware is Not accurate enough
for critical measurements
beaker
this lab glassware is Used to prepare standards for
quantitative procedures
volumetric flask
this lab glassware is Pear shaped, long neck with single
calibration mark.
volumetric flask
this lab glassware is manufactured to strict standards
volumetric flask
this lab glassware has Sloping sides, graduated markings.
erlenmeyer flask
this lab glassware is Used to hold liquids, mix solutions,
measure noncritical volumes
erlenmeyer flask
this lab glassware is Upright, straight-sided tube with
flared base.
graduated cylinder
this lab glassware is Used for noncritical
measurements
graduated cylinder
this lab glassware Shouldn’t be used to measure <5mL
or <10% of capacit
biuret
a biuret should NOT be used to measure what capacities?
<5mL or <10% of capacity
What are the 4 types of plasticware used in the laboratory?
1-Polypropylene (PP)
2- Polyethylene (PE)
3-Polysterene (PS)
4-Polycarbonate (PC)
Cylindrical glass tube used in measuring fluids, calibrated
to deliver, or transfer, a specified volume from one vessel
to another
pipettes
Most basic pipet?
glass pipette
Routinely used pipette?
automatic pipette
what are the 2 classifications of a pipette according to DESIGN?
1-TC or to contain
2- TD or to deliver
what are the 2 classifications of a pipette according to DRAINING CHARACTERISTICS?
1-Blow out
2- Self draining
this pipette classification Does not deliver the same
volume when the liquid
is transferred into a
container
TC
this pipette classification is Referred to as rinse-out
pipets
TC
This pipette classification Must be completely
transferred for accurate
measurement
TC
This pipette classification Delivers or dispenses
statedvolume amount)
TD
TD pipettes are designed to drain by WHAT?
Gravity
This pipette classification according to design should NOT be blown oout
TD
This pipette classification is Designed to meet
requirements of Class
A type
TD
TD pipettes are designed to meet requirements of what type of class?
Class A type
What are the 2 types of classifications of a pipette according to TYPE?
1-Transfer pipettes
2- Graduated/Measuring pipettes
A blow-out pipette has a what as an indicator?
continuous etched ring or band
For blow-out pipettes, the LAST drop of liquid should be expelled by what?
blowing out
examples of a blow-out pipette
- Ostwald folin
- Serologic pipette
“boOSe”
these pipettes have NO ETCHED ring markings
Self-draining pipettes
In self-draining pipettes, Contents drain by what?
gravity
Examples of self-draining pipettes
- Mohr
- Volumetric
- Pasteur
“si MVP na-drain”
For transfer pipettes, how much should be dispensed without further subdivisions?
1 volume
Examples of transfer pipettes
- Volumetric
- Ostwald folin
- Pasteur pipets
- automatic micro and macropipettes
A graduated/measuring pipette dispenses how much?
several volumes
examples of graduated/measuring pipettes?
- Serologic
-Mohr - Micropipet
- Bacteriologic
- Bali, Kolmer, or Kahn
“Since graduate ka na, pwede ka na uminom ng GSM Blue”
This pipet has the Bulb closer to the center; self draining pipet
Volumetric pipette
this pipette is used For non-viscous or aqueous solutions
volumetric pipette
this pipette is Used when diluting standards,
calibrators, or QC materials
volumetric pipette
this pipette has the Highest accuracy & precision
volumetric pipette
this pipette is With a bulb closer to the delivery tip
Ostwald folin
“Na-Fol sa baba yung bulb”
this is used For viscous fluids (whole blood)
ostwald folin
is Ostwald folin a blow-out pipet or a self draining pipet?
blow-out
is volumetric pipette a blow out pipet or a self draining pipet
self draining pipet
this pipette has No calibration marks
pasteur pipettes
this pipette is used to transfer solutions without
consideration for specific volume
pasteur pipette
this pipette is Not for quantitative analytic
techniques
pasteur pipette
this pipette is with graduations marks down to tip
Serologic
“May LOGIC siya kaya naka-GRADUATE siya hanggang DULO (down to the tip) at nagpaBLOWOUT siya.”
What type of pipette is the serologic pipette?
Blowout pipette
This pipette Can be used for serial dilutions and
measuring reagents
Serologic pipette
this pipette is Not accurate enough for measuring
samples or standards
serologic pipette
this pipette has No graduation marks to tip
Mohr
“no more/MOHR graduation dahil na-drain siya”
What type of pipette is the Mohr pipette
self draining
in this pipette, the tip should not be allowed to touch
the vessel while pipet is draining
mohr
T/F: with the serologic pipette, the tip should not be allowed to touch
the vessel while pipet is draining
FALSE
Correct ans: Mohr
this pipette is For volumes ranging from 1 to 1,000
uL
micropipette
this pipette has a Single calibration mark
micropipette
this pipette is Filled by capillary action
micropipette
this pipette Must be rinsed out with diluent to
deliver exact amount
micropipette
What are the types of automatic pipettes?
- Air displacement
- positive displacement
- dispensor & dilutor
this pipette relies on a piston for creating suction
to draw the sample into a disposable
tip (tips only used once)
air displacement
with this pipette, the tips must only be used once
air displacement
with this pipette, the piston does not come in contact with the liquid
air displacement
with this pipette, the tips are reusable
positive displacement
with this pipette, the Piston is moved in the pipet tip or
barrel much like a hypodermic
syringe
positive displacement
this pipette is Obtained from the liquid from a common
reservoir and dispense it repeatedly
dispensor/dilutor
with this pipette, the Dilutor often combines sampling and
dispensing function
dispensor & dilutor
this calibration of pipettes is the Most accurate method
GRAVIMETRIC mtd
this method of calibrating pipettes delivers and weighs a solution
of known specific gravity, such as water
GRAVIMETRIC
This method verifies the amount of liquid dispense by a
pipette
gravimetric
T/F: in gravimetric mtd of calibrating pipettes, The weight of water is proportional to the volume of water
pipetted
true
in gravimetric mtd, the weight of water is proportional to what?
proportional to the volume of water pipette
this is the secondary method in calibrating pipettes
spectrophotometric
in using the spectrophotometric mtd in calibrating pipettes, what is measured?
absorbance of potassium dichromate or p-nitrophenol delivered
this method uses a dye of known concentration
and water
spectrophotometric mtd
this method of calibrating pipettes is when a specific amount of dye is pipetted into a
specific volume of water
Spectrophotometric mtd
What are 2 basic separatuib techniques?
1-centrifugation
2-filtration
Process in which centrifugal force is used to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension
Centrifugation
Centrifugal force depends on three variables:
1-mass
2-speed
3-radius
the calibration of centrifuges must be EVERY when?
every 3 months (quarterly)
what must be used to calibrate centrifuges?
use a tachometer or a strobe light
Parts of a strobe light?
- stroboscope
- stopwatch
a stroboscope is used to check what?
check speed
this part of a strobe light is used to check speed
stroboscope
Centrifuges must be disinfected when?
weekly (or after spill)
What are the 4 types of centrifuges?
1-horizontal head (swinging bucket)
2-fixed angle head
3-ultracentrifuge
4-cytocentrifuge
a horizontal head centrifuge is also called a?
swining bucket
what is the position of a cup in a horizontal head centrifuge AT REST?
vertical
what is the position of a cup in a horizontal head centrifuge IN MOTION?
Horizontal
with this centrifuge, cups occupy a vertical position at rest
horizontal head
in a horizontal head centrfuge, cups assume what position when the
centrifuge revolves?
HORIZONTAL position
what type of centrifuge? Cups are held in a rigid position at a fixed angle
fixed angle head
this centrifuge is more rapid than horizontal-head
fixed angle head
This centrifuge is used when rapid
centrifugation of solution containing small particles is needed
fixed angle head
example of a fixed angle head centrifuge
microhematocrit centrifuge
High-speed centrifuges used to separate layers of
different specific gravities
ultracentrifuge
Commonly used to separate lipoproteins
ultracentrifuge
this centrifuge is usually refrigerated to counter heat produced by
friction
ultracentrifuge
Uses a very HIGH-torque and LOW-inertia motor to
spread monolayers of cells rapidly across a special slide
for critical morphologic studies
cytocentrifuge
T/F: cytocentrifuge uses a HIGH-torque and LOW-inertia motor
True
this centrifuge is used to spread monolayers of cells rapidly across a special slide
cytocentrifuge
this centrifuge is used for critical morphologic studies
cytocentrifuge
this centrifuge is Used for blood, urine, body fluid, or any other liquid
specimen that can be spread on a slide
cytocentrifuge
these Utilize filter papers to separate solids from liquids
filtration
This is the Liquid that passes through the filter paper
filtrate
A solution is put into a bag or is contained on one side of a semipermeable mem. What method is this?
dialysis
Large molecules are retained within the sack or on one
side of the membrane, while smaller molecules and
solvents diffuse out
Dialysis
