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Kirtley Flashcards

1
Q

CLEGITT pre-1800: C

A

Class
- agrarian society
- 2 class system
- Upper class = real tennis
- lower class = mob football

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2
Q

CLEGITT pre-1800: L & O

A

law and order
- no polica
- local control
- some sports banned
- No RSPCA

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3
Q

CLEGITT pre-1800: E

A

Education
- Illiterate society
- unwritten rules
- wealthy boys went to school (Rugby)

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4
Q

CLEGITT pre-1800: G

A

Gender
- Masculine sports
- Women played cricket and smock racing

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5
Q

CLEGITT pre-1800: I

A

income
- upper class = expensive sports (real tennis)
- lower class = cheap sports (mob football)

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6
Q

CLEGITT pre-1800: Tr

A

Transport
- localised/limited
- different rules in different areas

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7
Q

CLEGITT pre-1800: Ti

A

time
- Agricultural calendar
- limited time during harvest
- more time to play in winter

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8
Q

characteristics of mob football pre-1800

A
  • masculine
  • working class
  • cheap
  • simple rules
  • violent
  • public holidays
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9
Q

characteristics of cheese rolling pre-1800

A
  • masculine
  • working class
  • cheap
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10
Q

characteristics of shin kicking pre-1800

A
  • masculine
  • working class
  • cheap
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11
Q

characteristics of pedestrianism pre-1800

A
  • upper class
  • masculine
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12
Q

characteristics of cricket pre-1800

A
  • upper and lower class
  • cheap
  • male and female
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13
Q

characteristics of real tennis pre-1800

A
  • exclusive
  • upper class
  • masculine
  • civilised
  • complex written rules
  • free time
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14
Q

CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): C

A

Class
- 3 class system
- upper class = amateur
- working class = professional
- middle class tried to make WC more civilised
- upper class made amateur only clubs

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15
Q

CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): L&O

A

Law and order
- police force
- decreased violent sports
- controlled gambling
- banning of sports
- codification of sports
- RSPCA

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16
Q

CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): E

A

Education
- Increased education for all
- education act 1870
- formation of NGB’s
- Working class could read written rules

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17
Q

CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): G

A

gender
- male dominated still
- lawn tennis and cycling was okay for women
- women restricted by victorian values

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18
Q

CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): I

A

income
- working class increased income
- increased spectators as they have more money to watch
- increased in come caused an increase in participation

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19
Q

CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): Ti

A

time
- Working class has more time
- Saturday and Wednesday half days
- weeks paid holiday

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20
Q

CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): Tr

A
  • the train
  • travel further
  • home and away games
  • standardised rules
  • formation of leagues (FA cup 1871)
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21
Q

cult of athleticism

A

Athleticism - developing physical endeavour and moral integrity
cult - the obsession of playing sport

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22
Q

Impact of athleticism

A
  • encouraged effort over winning
  • encouraged the development of codified sport
  • encouraged the play with fair play and sportsmanship
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23
Q

impact of the cult

A
  • large amounts of time devoted to sport in schools to develop it
  • developed leagues
  • Ex-school boys spread the ‘cult’
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24
Q

why did private schools have better athletes

A
  • Boarding schools: had a lot of free time to play and so standards were high
  • were able to afford specialist equipment and facilities
  • employed profesional coaches
  • encouraged teachers to support and coach house teams
  • played prestigious matches against teams such as MCC
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25
Q

Ethics and values of public schools: V/C

A

Valour/courage
- e.g. stepping up to take a penalty

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26
Q

Ethics and values of public schools: Tr

A

trust
- trust in teammates to do their job

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27
Q

Ethics and values of public schools: L

A

Leadership
- captain of the 1XI

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28
Q

Ethics and values of public schools: T

A

Teamwork
- scoring a team goal

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29
Q

Ethics and values of public schools: S

A

Sportsmanship
- hitting the ball out if someone is injured

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30
Q

what does TOP VIC stand for

A

Teachers
Officers
Parents
Vicars
Industrialist/factory owner
Community leaders

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31
Q

CLEGITT 20th century: C

A

Class
- less distinctive divide (based more on income)
- upper/middle class had access to more sport
- profesional = paid
- amateur = not paid

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32
Q

CLEGITT 20th century: L&O

A

law and order
- increased law and order
- more civilised sport
- police presence at sports events

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33
Q

CLEGITT 20th century: E

A

education
- education acts = increased education for all
- 1988 national curriculum - compulsory PE

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34
Q

CLEGITT 20th century: G

A
  • Male identity on sport
  • some sport restricted female participation
  • increase participation for women
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35
Q

CLEGITT 20th century: I

A
  • increase in disposable income
  • increase spectators
  • increase in player income
  • income dictates what sport u play
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36
Q

CLEGITT 20th century: Ti

A

time
- more free time
- decreased working hours
- weeks paid holiday
- more time to play/spectate
- technology taking factory jobs = more time

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37
Q

CLEGITT 20th century: Tr

A

Transport
- increase public transport
- away games
- more fixtures
- international fixtures
- leagues

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38
Q

key information for 20th century

A
  • 1988 = compulsory PE
  • 1994 = lottery funding for elite sport
  • 1990 = sky sports
  • globalised elite sport
  • professionalism grew in many sports
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39
Q

CLEGITT 21st century: C

A

Class
- more fluid /less pronounced
- class mobility (Rashford)
- Elite players more likely to come from higher socioeconomic background
- upper class = polo
- lower class = boxing

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40
Q

CLEGITT 21st century: L&O

A

Law and order
- safety: officials have legal duty of care to keep players and spectators safe
- stricter laws against player and spectator violence and deviance in sport
- Equality laws prevent discrimination (women in golf)
- Court of arbitration for sport

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41
Q

CLEGITT 21st century: E

A
  • PE compulsory
  • More people aware of health benefits of sport
  • over 1/3rd of British medal winners from private schools
  • Private schools offer more opportunities to compete
  • positive experience = more participation
  • negative experience = less participation
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42
Q

CLEGITT 21st century: G

A

Gender
- Men = more participation than women
- sports have make and female identities
- women’s role has changed
- increase in women’s sport
- increase women in ‘male’ sports
- increased opportunities for women
- campaigns to help women
- female full time athletes

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43
Q

CLEGITT 21st century: I

A

Income
- More facilities to those with more money (golf membership)
- people with high socio-economic status have more time to play sports

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44
Q

CLEGITT 21st century: Ti

A

time
- less working hours/more flexible hours= more free time to play
- more energy to play/watch

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45
Q

CLEGITT 21st century: Tr

A

transport
- cheaper travel and wider range = more global competitions
- increased private transport = more participation
- globalisation of sport
- freedom of movement (Ronaldo)

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46
Q

Golden triangle definition

A

the relationship between elite sport, sponsorship and media

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47
Q

Example of a sports team for golden triangle

A

Chelsea

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48
Q

Example of a media platform for golden triangle

A

sky sports

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49
Q

Example of sponsorship for golden triangle

A

Three

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50
Q

advantages of golden triangle

A
  • sports gaining media coverage will gain more sponsorship which can benefit athletes
  • Sports gaining media coverage and sponsorship can increase funding to develop participation/facilities/elite performers
  • media pressure may lead to rule changes to make sport more entertaining e.g. the 100
  • increased availability of sport for spectators due to increased media coverage
  • sponsors generate more revenue from association with sport and performers and from increased media coverage
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51
Q

Disadvantages of golden triangle (media)

A
  • Media can influence when and how sport is played so timings may not be good for certain audiences e.g. olympic timing designed for Americans
  • Sponsorship disproportionately benefits athletes in sports which the media is more interested e.g. mob football
  • lack of media interest in some sports reduced sponsorship and funding
  • media funding increases the pressure to win at all costs or get sponsorship so can damage integrity of games
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52
Q

Roles of media

A
  • To educate: rules on sport
  • To inform: giving the league standings/results
  • To advertise: Time and location of matches
  • To provide entertainment: watching the match
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53
Q

positive effects of media coverage on sport

A
  • increased commercialisation meaning more money for sport
  • increased participation
  • increased standards/professionalism
  • increased salary
  • sports form around the world can be watched anywhere
  • creates role models
  • increased spectators through watching at home
  • increased tech = fairer decisions
  • increased profile of small sports
  • new versions (the 100)
  • educate people
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54
Q

negative effects of media coverage on sport

A
  • Media demands control of sports/performers
  • can cause deviant behaviour
  • decrease privacy for sports stars
  • more people spectating rather than participating
  • media highlights issues during and outside the game: reflects badly on the sport
  • bias towards able bodied sport
  • youth athletes may copy negative role models
  • new rules and versions go against tradition
  • increase tech/officiating slows the game
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55
Q

legal drugs

A

creatine, carb loading, caffeine, isotonic sport drink

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56
Q

Advantages of legal drugs

A
  • enhance performance
  • legal
  • safe to use
  • easily accessible
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57
Q

Disadvantages of legal drugs

A
  • some consider it to be bending the rules of the game
  • can be expensive
  • some long term health effects are unknown
  • not available to all athletes
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58
Q

PED

A

Performance enhancing drugs used to artificially improve performance

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59
Q

anabolic steroids benefits

A
  • increase muscle mass
  • decrease recovery time
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60
Q

Narcotic analgesics benefits

A

pain killer

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61
Q

HGH benefits

A

increase muscle mass

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62
Q

EPO benefits

A

increase red blood cells

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63
Q

beta blockers benefits

A

reduce adrenaline

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64
Q

amphetamines benefits

A

increase alertness

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65
Q

diuretics benefits

A

increase urine production

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66
Q

blood doping benefits

A

increase VO2 max

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67
Q

Physiological reasons to take PED’s

A
  • boost confidence
  • less pain
  • increased aggression
  • calm nerves
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68
Q

Social reasons to take PED’s

A
  • level the playing field
  • think they wont get caught
  • win at all costs
  • pressure from coach/media/sponsor
  • money
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69
Q

implications to society of PED’s

A
  • Unfair /morally wrong
  • negative role models
  • people have less distractions
  • people invest less in sports
  • fewer participants = less healthy nation
  • loss of patriotism
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70
Q

implications to performers of PED’s

A
  • increase performance
  • health risks (roid rage)
  • banns
  • fines
  • increased money/fame
  • loss of personal sponsors
  • loss of respect
  • considered a cheat
  • effect on family
  • online abuse
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71
Q

implications to sport of PED’s

A
  • lowers the status
  • undermines the sport
  • decreases money to sport
  • decreases supporters and participants
  • decreases sponsors
  • bad media coverage
  • increased pressure to find cheats
  • increased investment into anti doping = high cost
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72
Q

strategies to prevent doping

A
  • implement stricter punishments: but court of arbitration for sport can overturn bans (Dwayne Chambers)
  • Increase testing: But athletes are allowed to miss 2, state sponsored doping - Russia
  • WADA increase anti doping tech: but costs lots
  • Drug education on risks
  • counter culture: drugs olympics but health risks
  • promote clean athletes e.g. bolt
  • make sport less about winning: win at all costs attitude
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73
Q

positives for taking PED’s

A
  • Level playing field
  • more spectacular sport to watch
  • reflects our society
  • win culture: cant blame them for wanting to win at all costs
  • Economic advantage: could tax drugs
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74
Q

Negatives of taking PED’s

A
  • cheating
  • sportsmanship
  • Threatening traditional values of sport
  • un-level: would become a tech arms race, money = winning
  • no return: once you introduce then there is no going back
  • role models: knock on effect
  • Health risks
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75
Q

Causes of player violence in sport

A
  • win at all costs mentality
  • frustration: ref makes bad decision
  • perceived unfairness: bias ref
  • rivalry - el classico
  • media hype
  • gamesmanship
  • lack of deterrent
  • Nature of sport: ice hockey
  • Increased arousal
  • de humanisation of opponent
  • drugs
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76
Q

possible solutions for player violence

A
  • coach removing pressure to win
  • coach removing violent player
  • bans/fines
  • education about fair play
  • promoting/rewarding fair play
  • effective officiating/more officials
  • increased video tech
  • aggressive behaviour after event
  • change/adapt rules
  • anger management
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77
Q

causes of spectator violence

A
  • frustration: opposition fans
  • rivalry: el classico
  • media hype
  • provocation/abuse: players celebrating in front of oppo fans
  • lack of deterrent: not strict enough punishments
  • alcohol abuse
  • Hooliganism
  • copying on pitch violence
  • heard mentality
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78
Q

hooliganism

A

going to the game with the intent of being violent

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79
Q

evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: stadium bans

A
  • costs money and takes time to profile those who are banned
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80
Q

evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: travel bans

A

costs money and takes time to profile people

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81
Q

evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: More CCTV

A

costs money, not all clubs can afford it

82
Q

evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: Earlier kick off time

A

Media control kick off time and so chose most popular time so hard to change

83
Q

evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: alcohol bans in stadium

A

cant control drinking before and after

84
Q

evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: stricter punishments

A

some see fines as too lenient so do it anyway

85
Q

evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: early closing of pubs

A

pubs will lose money so wont do this

86
Q

evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: all seater stadiums

A

clubs lose revenue as they cant sell as many tickets

87
Q

evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: separation of fans

A

lose money for seats you sacrifice as a barrier

88
Q

implications of violence on sport

A
  • Gives bad reputation to sport e.g. football hooligans
  • Player violence can be replicated by spectators
  • becomes less appealing to young people and families
89
Q

implications of violence on society

A
  • violence in sport becomes entertainment e.g. MMA
  • influences attitudes towards violence
  • can lead to violence in non sporting scenarios e.g. domestic
  • bad role models
90
Q

implications of violence on performers

A
  • removed from match e.g. red card
  • bans and fines
  • loss of sponsorship
  • criminal conviction
  • Injury to self or others
91
Q

match fixing definition

A

when a competition is played to a completely/partially pre determined result. usually involves bribery of corrupt players, coaches or officials

92
Q

spot betting

A

when a specific aspect of a sports fixture is illegally pre determined

93
Q

Illegal sports betting

A

placing bets on a competition as a player or going to a betting company with no licence

94
Q

issues with gambling in sport

A
  • financial gain/pressure means performers are more likely to become involved in bribery
  • rise in illegal betting
  • easy to access betting companies online
  • large volume of advertising of gambling companies in sport- encourage gambling
  • performers can develop addictions leading to debt
95
Q

examples of betting companies

A

betway - west ham football
holywood bets - brentford
BetVictor - Fulham
bet365 - stoke city

96
Q

date of the modern olympic games in Athens

97
Q

who founded the MOG

A

Pierre De Coubertin

98
Q

what did De Coubertin take inspiration from

A
  • the ancient olympic games
  • the much wenlock games
  • the games ethics of 19th century public schools
99
Q

aims of the MOG

A
  • Equality
  • unite people
  • teach sportsmanship
  • peace
  • educate
  • promote development
100
Q

values of the MOG

A
  • friendship
  • respect
  • excellence
  • quality
  • determination
  • inspiration
101
Q

IOC - international olympic committee

A
  • oversee the organisation of the olympics
  • select host cities
  • managers commercialisation of games
102
Q

BOA - British olympic association

A
  • select team GB
  • complete olympic bid to host
103
Q

1936

A

Berlin games
- Hitler promoting 3rd reich
- 1st televised games
- Jessie Owen’s won 100m but H didn’t shake hands
- german full time athletes

104
Q

influence of 1936 games today

A
  • went against rules and aims of the MOG
  • first olympics with pro rather than amateur
  • all seater stadium
  • games shouldn’t be used for political exploitation
105
Q

1968

A

Mexico city
- black power salute
- Smith first, Norman second, Carlos third

106
Q

influence of 1968 games today

A
  • black athletes importance to olympics and society
107
Q

1972

A

Munich
- Palestine terrorist attack
- killed 11 Israeli athletes

108
Q

influence of 1972 games today

A
  • more security to deter terrorism
109
Q

1980

A

Moscow
- Boycott: USA against soviet union invasion of Afghanistan

110
Q

influence of 1980 games today

A
  • showing politics and sport shouldn’t mix
  • showed sport is political
111
Q

1984

A

Los Angeles
- soviets boycotted due to lack of security.
- actually because US did it to them

112
Q

advantages of hosing the games (sport)

A
  • higher profile for sport
  • more funding to elite sport
  • sponsorship for performers/NGB’s
  • Better organisation and admin of sport
  • positive role modeling
  • increase respect for Paralympic sport
  • legacy: world class facilities and potential for increased participation
113
Q

disadvantages of hosing the games (sport)

A
  • underused facilities after event
  • limited long term increase in participation
  • smaller sports are likely to be sidelined
  • any deviance is likely to be hyped up by media e.g. doping
114
Q

advantages of hosing the games (society)

A
  • shop window effect
  • increased sense of pride
  • social integration and cooperation
  • volunteering opportunities
  • lower local crime rates as more police are present
  • legacy: health and fitness awareness, increased participation, increased infrastructure/transport
115
Q

disadvantages of hosing the games (society)

A
  • locals may be displaced to make room for facilities
  • increase local prices
  • limited focus on long term social issues and needs
  • pos might only benefit minorities
  • pollution
  • terrorist threat
116
Q

advantages of hosing the games (economy)

A
  • increase income to city/country
  • increased economy due to employee opportunity
  • new businesses attracted
117
Q

disadvantages of hosing the games (economic)

A
  • the bidding process is very expensive
  • high cost of hosting
  • limited long term job opportunities
  • higher local house/rent prices
118
Q

advantages of hosing the games (political)

A
  • if country does well it reflects well politically
  • success gives good impression of country and government
  • during games political parties may cooperate temporarily
119
Q

disadvantages of hosing the games (political)

A

the following would reflect badly politically:
- high costs
- protests/terrorism
- lack of long term legacy

120
Q

factors that lead to commercialisation in sport

A
  • increased media coverage
  • increased sponsorship
  • increased advertising
  • greater exposure to variety of sports
  • performers and spectators can now travel worldwide
  • rise of dedicated TV/Radio channels to sport
121
Q

positive effects of commercialisation in sport on performers

A
  • increased pay
  • increased professionalism
  • increased standard of play
  • increased fame
122
Q

negative effects of commercialisation in sport on performers

A
  • open to more scrutiny through social media
  • win at all costs may cause deviance
  • loss of control e.g. forced to play at times
123
Q

positive effects of commercialisation in sport on spectators

A
  • increased access to sport e.g. on demand
  • increased media coverage
  • increased media quality e.g. camera angles and replays
  • increased stadia
124
Q

negative effects of commercialisation in sport on spectators

A
  • increased costs of tickets = smaller live audiences
  • advertising can be intrusive
  • some people dont like the sponsors.
125
Q

positive effects of commercialisation in sport on society

A
  • increased participation
  • boost economy
  • increase access to spectating sport
  • increased entertainment = happier society
126
Q

negative effects of commercialisation in sport on society

A
  • privately owned meaning economic benefits will be felt only by few
  • loss of tradition as sport changes e.g. the 100
  • people may tend to spectate rather than participate
127
Q

positive effects of commercialisation in sport on individual sports

A
  • increased exposure
  • increased participation
  • increased funding to sport
  • globalisation means sport can grow
128
Q

negative effects of commercialisation in sport on individual sports

A
  • some have less exposure than others
  • less of tradition as sports are forced to change e.g. timings
  • less of control, media dictate things
129
Q

media pre 1980’s

A
  • only terrestrial TV existed so fewer channels
  • less sport on TV
  • Less competition for TV rights therefore less money in sport
  • only mainstream sports televised
  • male dominated
  • lots of coverage for football hooliganism
130
Q

media post 1980’s

A
  • satellite TV
  • pay per view
  • viewers have to subscribe to watch certain events
  • organisations spend significant sums on securing TV rights
  • global TV audience
  • Some rules/format/timings changed to suite TV audience
  • increased media coverage therefore commercial investment in sport
  • wider variety of sports shown.
131
Q

positive developments of women’s sport post 1980’s

A
  • increase live coverage of women’s sports
  • wider range of sports covered
  • increased female presenters e.g. Alex Scott
  • less sexist coverage
132
Q

limitations in the development of women’s sport post 1980’s

A
  • sport is still presented in a stereotypical way by the media
  • media coverage is not fair, most popular sports are the richest
133
Q

advantages of media for performers

A
  • raises athletes profile
  • attracts sponsors
  • increases financial benefits
  • can allow athletes to train full time
134
Q

disadvantages of media for performers

A
  • press intrusion into private life
  • can distract form performance
  • increased pressure could lead to deviance
  • few financial rewards
  • poor behaviour is publicised
135
Q

advantages of media for individual sports

A
  • advanced tech
  • increased interest and participation
  • increased standards
  • increased audience
  • creates positive role models
  • rules/timings/formats improved
  • provides funds for NGB’s
  • minority sports receive coverage
136
Q

disadvantages of media for individual sports

A
  • can sensationalise events
  • can promote sport in a bad light
  • generate negative role models
  • decrease participation
  • rules/timings/formats have changed
  • minority sports = less coverage
137
Q

advantages of media for individual spectators

A
  • promote healthy lifestyle/participation
  • increased entertainment
  • increased variety of sports available
  • increased understanding of rules
  • increased accuracy of results
138
Q

disadvantages of media for spectators

A
  • costs of subscriptions
  • can reduce participation
  • some sports dominate media
  • audience may be bored of same sports
  • can promote prejudices
139
Q

advantages of media in the golden triangle

A
  • increased media coverage leads to increased sponsorship
  • increased media and sponsorship can increase funds for participation, elite performers and facilities
  • media pressure can lead to rule changed making sport more entertaining
  • increased media coverage = more sport available for spectators
  • companies generate revenue through association with sports
140
Q

disadvantages of media in the golden triangle

A
  • media can dictate even timings
  • sponsorship disproportionately benefits athletes/sports
  • lack of media interest in some sports reduced sponsorship
  • increased media coverage leads to increase in costs
  • increased responsibilities to advertisers due to sponsorship detracting from the sport
  • sponsorship and media coverage can add pressure to athlete and family
141
Q

effect of increased money on women’s sport

A
  • helped make careers in sport for women
  • increased prize money for women
  • enabled more women’s sport to become professional
  • women can train full time
142
Q

effect of increased media coverage on women’s sport

A
  • increased profile of women’s sports
  • increased participation in some sports
  • increased female role models
  • increased number of female presenters and commentators
  • increased sponsorship for women
143
Q

examples of modern technology in elite sport (access)

A
  • bikes designed for handling
  • underground heating to prevent pitches freezing
144
Q

examples of modern technology in elite sport (facilities)

A
  • hypoxic chambers
  • artificial tracks for bob sled
145
Q

examples of modern technology in elite sport (equipment)

A
  • lightweight tennis racket
  • composition of hockey sticks
146
Q

examples of modern technology in elite sport (monitoring of exercise)

A
  • GPS tracking
  • power meters on bikes
147
Q

examples of modern technology in elite sport (safety)

A
  • halo in F1
  • American football helmets
  • concussion mouth-guards
148
Q

examples of modern technology in elite sport (Recovery/injury)

A
  • limb kinematics for analysis of movement to prevent injury
149
Q

examples of modern technology in elite sport (performance)

A
  • advanced running shoes
150
Q

examples of modern technology in general participation (access)

A
  • more people have more access to facilities e.g. pool hoists
151
Q

examples of modern technology in general participation (facilities)

A
  • floodlights
  • astroturf pitches
  • all weather use
152
Q

examples of modern technology in general participation (equipment)

A
  • specialist wheelchairs/artificial limbs allow people to participate
153
Q

examples of modern technology in general participation (monitoring of exercise)

A
  • activity trackers e.g. apple watch
154
Q

examples of modern technology in general participation (safety)

A
  • cycling helmets, mouth-guards, short corner masks
155
Q

examples of modern technology in general participation (enjoyment)

A
  • tech making it easier to learn skills e.g. wind-balls in cricket
156
Q

benefits of modern technology in general participation (increased opportunity)

A
  • all weather pitches
  • all day/year round participation
  • variety of sports
157
Q

benefits of modern technology in general participation (enjoyment and progress)

A
  • easier to learn skills
  • safer
  • increased entertainment
158
Q

benefits of modern technology in general participation (increased inclusion)

A
  • adapted sports equipment for mobility
  • equipment to increase safety for disabled athletes
  • creation of ‘new’ sports using assistive technology
  • advances in prosthesis
159
Q

benefits of modern technology in general participation (increased access to facilities)

A
  • ramps to buildings and pitches
  • better equipment for disabilities
  • adapted facilties
160
Q

benefits of modern technology in general participation (increased motivation)

A
  • motivation through tracking e.g. apple watch
  • motivation through adherence
161
Q

benefits of modern technology in general participation (massed production)

A
  • readily available
  • cheap
162
Q

drawbacks of modern technology (access)

A
  • kit is expensive so those with more money are able to afford it
  • generally only available at elite level
  • used in some sports and not in others
163
Q

drawbacks of modern technology (PED’s)

A
  • technology creates new drugs
  • PED’s give unfair advantage
  • testing tech cant keep up with new development
164
Q

drawbacks of modern technology (pressure on officials)

A
  • can highlight errors and overrule them
  • pressure to use tech rather than trust instinct
165
Q

benefits of goal line technology

A
  • provides fairer outcomes
  • takes pressure off officials to make decisions
  • builds excitement when waiting for the judgement
166
Q

drawbacks of goal line technology

A
  • takes away the element of chance
  • puts pressure on refs to use it
  • disrupts flow of the game
  • decreased enjoyment due to lack of dispute
167
Q

how has technology increased entertainment in sport (replays)

A
  • add drama or rewatch entertaining moments
  • re-watch key moments
168
Q

how has technology increased entertainment in sport (camera angles)

A

increase entertainment by improving viewing e.g. ref cam in rug

169
Q

how has technology increased entertainment in sport (motion capture analysis)

A

can add to viewing information e.g. distance run

170
Q

how has technology increased entertainment in sport (punditry)

A
  • replays, camera angles facilitate punditry and allows for more analysis before, during and after a game
171
Q

how has technology increased entertainment in sport (education)

A
  • replays and camera angles = improved viewing
  • technology can improve peoples knowledge about sport
172
Q

how has technology increased entertainment in sport (screens)

A
  • giant screens in stadium increase entertainment for spectators
173
Q

how has technology reduced entertainment in sport

A
  • constant interruptions
  • people may not like pundits
  • tech can break
  • may reduce live attendance and atmosphere
  • removes controversy
174
Q

how has modern technology increased safety in sport (equipment and clothing)

A

decrease the severity of injury’s e.g. shin pads

175
Q

how has modern technology increased safety in sport (wearable computers)

A

provide information about physiological status to prevent injury over exertion e.g. GPS tracker

176
Q

how has modern technology increased safety in sport (testing equipment)

A

so that weaknesses can be identified and improved e.g. VO2 max

177
Q

how has modern technology increased safety in sport (Gait analysis)

A

Allows imperfections to be identified

178
Q

how has modern technology increased safety in sport (Limb kinematics)

A

Identified poor technique which might have lead to injury

179
Q

how has modern technology increased safety in sport (precision hydration)

A

Allows athletes to compete at optimum hydration levels

180
Q

how has modern technology increased safety in sport (artificial pitches)

A

slip resistant and impact absorbing to decrease chance of injury

181
Q

how has modern technology increased safety in sport (improved detection of foul play)

A

e.g. TMO and 3rd official umpire

182
Q

advantages of devices for participation in sport

A
  • increase motivation e.g. apple watch
  • may increase knowledge of performance
  • may inspire people to participate
  • devices may communicate information on how to take part
183
Q

disadvantages of devices for participation in sport

A
  • use of devices may decrease time for participation
  • devices provide entertainment so no need to participate
  • expenses of devices may reduce money spend on sport
184
Q

4 stages of the participation pyramid

A

stage 1 = foundation
stage 2 = participation
stage 3 = performance
stage 4 = excellence

185
Q

routes to elite sport - role of schools

A
  • compulsory PE
  • learn a range of sports
  • provide specialist equipment and coaches
  • provide club links
  • offer PE qualifications
186
Q

routes to elite sport - role of clubs

A
  • frequent competition provided
  • specialist coaching, equipment and facilities
  • possibly talent ID schemes
  • can provide basic medical support
187
Q

routes to elite sport - role of universities

A
  • combines performance with study
  • many offer sports scholarships and bursaries
  • high quality competition
  • world class facilities (bath bobsled)
  • involved in sports science research
188
Q

why do athletes drop out

A
  • funding issues
  • demands of training
  • unable to access elite programmes
  • injury
  • media pressure
  • family commitments
  • stress
  • lack of enjoyment
  • not good enough
189
Q

strategies to reduce drop out

A
  • identify problems
  • performance/lifestyle advice
  • media strategies
  • medical strategies
  • psychological support
  • training programme
  • sponsorship/financial help
190
Q

how do schools and clubs work together to develop elite performers?

A
  • specialist coaches may be made available to schools for lessons
  • schools may lend facilities to clubs
  • schools might recommend clubs to talented individuals
  • clubs may organise inter school competitions
191
Q

what is talent ID

A
  • looking for someone with ability beyond the norm
  • testing physical and psychological parameters to determine likelihood of success
  • look at parents
  • consider socio cultural factors
192
Q

advantages of talent ID

A
  • those identified should make rapid progress
  • get relevant sporting experiences
  • more success/medal winners
  • better use of NGB funding
  • widens talent pool in minority sports
193
Q

disadvantages of talent ID

A
  • will always miss people out
  • experienced coaches ‘eye’ could be better than tests
  • testing requires extensive funding
  • children could be over trained and limits their options from a young age
  • although they have potential to be good they might not be
194
Q

how to create an elite performance programme

A
  • train coaches to help develop performers skill
  • create competition structure
  • financial support for potential performers
  • train coaches at all levels
  • create campaigns to promote sport
  • develop sports science support
  • Talent ID
  • develop facilities
195
Q

main roles of UK sport

A
  • funds national institutes
  • Talent ID - finance to support
  • world class programme
  • NGB funding based on success of sport
196
Q

podium

A

potential to win next olympics

197
Q

podium potential

A

potential to win medal in 2 olympics time

198
Q

role of national institutes of sport

A
  • provide sports science to athletes
  • tech research to help elite performers
  • performance/lifestyle advice
  • physiological and psychological help
  • access to top class facilities
  • english institutes of sport e.g. Loughborough
199
Q

state schools

A

the majority of the population attend these but are proportionally under represented in medal winners

200
Q

private schools

A

minority attend these but are over represented as medal winners

201
Q

grammar schools

A

minority attend these schools but they are slightly over represented as medal winners

202
Q

why are private schools more successful than state and grammar

A
  • more time dedicated in curriculum to sport
  • specialist coaches, facilities and tech
  • talented pupils are offered scholarships
  • higher standard of competition

PE (3 decks)

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