Kirtley Flashcards
1
Q
CLEGITT pre-1800: C
A
Class
- agrarian society
- 2 class system
- Upper class = real tennis
- lower class = mob football
2
Q
CLEGITT pre-1800: L & O
A
law and order
- no polica
- local control
- some sports banned
- No RSPCA
3
Q
CLEGITT pre-1800: E
A
Education
- Illiterate society
- unwritten rules
- wealthy boys went to school (Rugby)
4
Q
CLEGITT pre-1800: G
A
Gender
- Masculine sports
- Women played cricket and smock racing
5
Q
CLEGITT pre-1800: I
A
income
- upper class = expensive sports (real tennis)
- lower class = cheap sports (mob football)
6
Q
CLEGITT pre-1800: Tr
A
Transport
- localised/limited
- different rules in different areas
7
Q
CLEGITT pre-1800: Ti
A
time
- Agricultural calendar
- limited time during harvest
- more time to play in winter
8
Q
characteristics of mob football pre-1800
A
- masculine
- working class
- cheap
- simple rules
- violent
- public holidays
9
Q
characteristics of cheese rolling pre-1800
A
- masculine
- working class
- cheap
10
Q
characteristics of shin kicking pre-1800
A
- masculine
- working class
- cheap
11
Q
characteristics of pedestrianism pre-1800
A
- upper class
- masculine
12
Q
characteristics of cricket pre-1800
A
- upper and lower class
- cheap
- male and female
13
Q
characteristics of real tennis pre-1800
A
- exclusive
- upper class
- masculine
- civilised
- complex written rules
- free time
14
Q
CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): C
A
Class
- 3 class system
- upper class = amateur
- working class = professional
- middle class tried to make WC more civilised
- upper class made amateur only clubs
15
Q
CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): L&O
A
Law and order
- police force
- decreased violent sports
- controlled gambling
- banning of sports
- codification of sports
- RSPCA
16
Q
CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): E
A
Education
- Increased education for all
- education act 1870
- formation of NGB’s
- Working class could read written rules
17
Q
CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): G
A
gender
- male dominated still
- lawn tennis and cycling was okay for women
- women restricted by victorian values
18
Q
CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): I
A
income
- working class increased income
- increased spectators as they have more money to watch
- increased in come caused an increase in participation
19
Q
CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): Ti
A
time
- Working class has more time
- Saturday and Wednesday half days
- weeks paid holiday
20
Q
CLEGITT post industrial (1850-1900): Tr
A
- the train
- travel further
- home and away games
- standardised rules
- formation of leagues (FA cup 1871)
21
Q
cult of athleticism
A
Athleticism - developing physical endeavour and moral integrity
cult - the obsession of playing sport
22
Q
Impact of athleticism
A
- encouraged effort over winning
- encouraged the development of codified sport
- encouraged the play with fair play and sportsmanship
23
Q
impact of the cult
A
- large amounts of time devoted to sport in schools to develop it
- developed leagues
- Ex-school boys spread the ‘cult’
24
Q
why did private schools have better athletes
A
- Boarding schools: had a lot of free time to play and so standards were high
- were able to afford specialist equipment and facilities
- employed profesional coaches
- encouraged teachers to support and coach house teams
- played prestigious matches against teams such as MCC
25
Ethics and values of public schools: V/C
Valour/courage
- e.g. stepping up to take a penalty
26
Ethics and values of public schools: Tr
trust
- trust in teammates to do their job
27
Ethics and values of public schools: L
Leadership
- captain of the 1XI
28
Ethics and values of public schools: T
Teamwork
- scoring a team goal
29
Ethics and values of public schools: S
Sportsmanship
- hitting the ball out if someone is injured
30
what does TOP VIC stand for
Teachers
Officers
Parents
Vicars
Industrialist/factory owner
Community leaders
31
CLEGITT 20th century: C
Class
- less distinctive divide (based more on income)
- upper/middle class had access to more sport
- profesional = paid
- amateur = not paid
32
CLEGITT 20th century: L&O
law and order
- increased law and order
- more civilised sport
- police presence at sports events
33
CLEGITT 20th century: E
education
- education acts = increased education for all
- 1988 national curriculum - compulsory PE
34
CLEGITT 20th century: G
- Male identity on sport
- some sport restricted female participation
- increase participation for women
35
CLEGITT 20th century: I
- increase in disposable income
- increase spectators
- increase in player income
- income dictates what sport u play
36
CLEGITT 20th century: Ti
time
- more free time
- decreased working hours
- weeks paid holiday
- more time to play/spectate
- technology taking factory jobs = more time
37
CLEGITT 20th century: Tr
Transport
- increase public transport
- away games
- more fixtures
- international fixtures
- leagues
38
key information for 20th century
- 1988 = compulsory PE
- 1994 = lottery funding for elite sport
- 1990 = sky sports
- globalised elite sport
- professionalism grew in many sports
39
CLEGITT 21st century: C
Class
- more fluid /less pronounced
- class mobility (Rashford)
- Elite players more likely to come from higher socioeconomic background
- upper class = polo
- lower class = boxing
40
CLEGITT 21st century: L&O
Law and order
- safety: officials have legal duty of care to keep players and spectators safe
- stricter laws against player and spectator violence and deviance in sport
- Equality laws prevent discrimination (women in golf)
- Court of arbitration for sport
41
CLEGITT 21st century: E
- PE compulsory
- More people aware of health benefits of sport
- over 1/3rd of British medal winners from private schools
- Private schools offer more opportunities to compete
- positive experience = more participation
- negative experience = less participation
42
CLEGITT 21st century: G
Gender
- Men = more participation than women
- sports have make and female identities
- women's role has changed
- increase in women's sport
- increase women in 'male' sports
- increased opportunities for women
- campaigns to help women
- female full time athletes
43
CLEGITT 21st century: I
Income
- More facilities to those with more money (golf membership)
- people with high socio-economic status have more time to play sports
44
CLEGITT 21st century: Ti
time
- less working hours/more flexible hours= more free time to play
- more energy to play/watch
45
CLEGITT 21st century: Tr
transport
- cheaper travel and wider range = more global competitions
- increased private transport = more participation
- globalisation of sport
- freedom of movement (Ronaldo)
46
Golden triangle definition
the relationship between elite sport, sponsorship and media
47
Example of a sports team for golden triangle
Chelsea
48
Example of a media platform for golden triangle
sky sports
49
Example of sponsorship for golden triangle
Three
50
advantages of golden triangle
- sports gaining media coverage will gain more sponsorship which can benefit athletes
- Sports gaining media coverage and sponsorship can increase funding to develop participation/facilities/elite performers
- media pressure may lead to rule changes to make sport more entertaining e.g. the 100
- increased availability of sport for spectators due to increased media coverage
- sponsors generate more revenue from association with sport and performers and from increased media coverage
51
Disadvantages of golden triangle (media)
- Media can influence when and how sport is played so timings may not be good for certain audiences e.g. olympic timing designed for Americans
- Sponsorship disproportionately benefits athletes in sports which the media is more interested e.g. mob football
- lack of media interest in some sports reduced sponsorship and funding
- media funding increases the pressure to win at all costs or get sponsorship so can damage integrity of games
52
Roles of media
- To educate: rules on sport
- To inform: giving the league standings/results
- To advertise: Time and location of matches
- To provide entertainment: watching the match
53
positive effects of media coverage on sport
- increased commercialisation meaning more money for sport
- increased participation
- increased standards/professionalism
- increased salary
- sports form around the world can be watched anywhere
- creates role models
- increased spectators through watching at home
- increased tech = fairer decisions
- increased profile of small sports
- new versions (the 100)
- educate people
54
negative effects of media coverage on sport
- Media demands control of sports/performers
- can cause deviant behaviour
- decrease privacy for sports stars
- more people spectating rather than participating
- media highlights issues during and outside the game: reflects badly on the sport
- bias towards able bodied sport
- youth athletes may copy negative role models
- new rules and versions go against tradition
- increase tech/officiating slows the game
55
legal drugs
creatine, carb loading, caffeine, isotonic sport drink
56
Advantages of legal drugs
- enhance performance
- legal
- safe to use
- easily accessible
57
Disadvantages of legal drugs
- some consider it to be bending the rules of the game
- can be expensive
- some long term health effects are unknown
- not available to all athletes
58
PED
Performance enhancing drugs used to artificially improve performance
59
anabolic steroids benefits
- increase muscle mass
- decrease recovery time
60
Narcotic analgesics benefits
pain killer
61
HGH benefits
increase muscle mass
62
EPO benefits
increase red blood cells
63
beta blockers benefits
reduce adrenaline
64
amphetamines benefits
increase alertness
65
diuretics benefits
increase urine production
66
blood doping benefits
increase VO2 max
67
Physiological reasons to take PED's
- boost confidence
- less pain
- increased aggression
- calm nerves
68
Social reasons to take PED's
- level the playing field
- think they wont get caught
- win at all costs
- pressure from coach/media/sponsor
- money
69
implications to society of PED's
- Unfair /morally wrong
- negative role models
- people have less distractions
- people invest less in sports
- fewer participants = less healthy nation
- loss of patriotism
70
implications to performers of PED's
- increase performance
- health risks (roid rage)
- banns
- fines
- increased money/fame
- loss of personal sponsors
- loss of respect
- considered a cheat
- effect on family
- online abuse
71
implications to sport of PED's
- lowers the status
- undermines the sport
- decreases money to sport
- decreases supporters and participants
- decreases sponsors
- bad media coverage
- increased pressure to find cheats
- increased investment into anti doping = high cost
72
strategies to prevent doping
- implement stricter punishments: but court of arbitration for sport can overturn bans (Dwayne Chambers)
- Increase testing: But athletes are allowed to miss 2, state sponsored doping - Russia
- WADA increase anti doping tech: but costs lots
- Drug education on risks
- counter culture: drugs olympics but health risks
- promote clean athletes e.g. bolt
- make sport less about winning: win at all costs attitude
73
positives for taking PED's
- Level playing field
- more spectacular sport to watch
- reflects our society
- win culture: cant blame them for wanting to win at all costs
- Economic advantage: could tax drugs
74
Negatives of taking PED's
- cheating
- sportsmanship
- Threatening traditional values of sport
- un-level: would become a tech arms race, money = winning
- no return: once you introduce then there is no going back
- role models: knock on effect
- Health risks
75
Causes of player violence in sport
- win at all costs mentality
- frustration: ref makes bad decision
- perceived unfairness: bias ref
- rivalry - el classico
- media hype
- gamesmanship
- lack of deterrent
- Nature of sport: ice hockey
- Increased arousal
- de humanisation of opponent
- drugs
76
possible solutions for player violence
- coach removing pressure to win
- coach removing violent player
- bans/fines
- education about fair play
- promoting/rewarding fair play
- effective officiating/more officials
- increased video tech
- aggressive behaviour after event
- change/adapt rules
- anger management
77
causes of spectator violence
- frustration: opposition fans
- rivalry: el classico
- media hype
- provocation/abuse: players celebrating in front of oppo fans
- lack of deterrent: not strict enough punishments
- alcohol abuse
- Hooliganism
- copying on pitch violence
- heard mentality
78
hooliganism
going to the game with the intent of being violent
79
evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: stadium bans
- costs money and takes time to profile those who are banned
80
evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: travel bans
costs money and takes time to profile people
81
evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: More CCTV
costs money, not all clubs can afford it
82
evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: Earlier kick off time
Media control kick off time and so chose most popular time so hard to change
83
evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: alcohol bans in stadium
cant control drinking before and after
84
evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: stricter punishments
some see fines as too lenient so do it anyway
85
evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: early closing of pubs
pubs will lose money so wont do this
86
evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: all seater stadiums
clubs lose revenue as they cant sell as many tickets
87
evaluation of solutions to spectator violence: separation of fans
lose money for seats you sacrifice as a barrier
88
implications of violence on sport
- Gives bad reputation to sport e.g. football hooligans
- Player violence can be replicated by spectators
- becomes less appealing to young people and families
89
implications of violence on society
- violence in sport becomes entertainment e.g. MMA
- influences attitudes towards violence
- can lead to violence in non sporting scenarios e.g. domestic
- bad role models
90
implications of violence on performers
- removed from match e.g. red card
- bans and fines
- loss of sponsorship
- criminal conviction
- Injury to self or others
91
match fixing definition
when a competition is played to a completely/partially pre determined result. usually involves bribery of corrupt players, coaches or officials
92
spot betting
when a specific aspect of a sports fixture is illegally pre determined
93
Illegal sports betting
placing bets on a competition as a player or going to a betting company with no licence
94
issues with gambling in sport
- financial gain/pressure means performers are more likely to become involved in bribery
- rise in illegal betting
- easy to access betting companies online
- large volume of advertising of gambling companies in sport- encourage gambling
- performers can develop addictions leading to debt
95
examples of betting companies
betway - west ham football
holywood bets - brentford
BetVictor - Fulham
bet365 - stoke city
96
date of the modern olympic games in Athens
1896
97
who founded the MOG
Pierre De Coubertin
98
what did De Coubertin take inspiration from
- the ancient olympic games
- the much wenlock games
- the games ethics of 19th century public schools
99
aims of the MOG
- Equality
- unite people
- teach sportsmanship
- peace
- educate
- promote development
100
values of the MOG
- friendship
- respect
- excellence
- quality
- determination
- inspiration
101
IOC - international olympic committee
- oversee the organisation of the olympics
- select host cities
- managers commercialisation of games
102
BOA - British olympic association
- select team GB
- complete olympic bid to host
103
1936
Berlin games
- Hitler promoting 3rd reich
- 1st televised games
- Jessie Owen's won 100m but H didn't shake hands
- german full time athletes
104
influence of 1936 games today
- went against rules and aims of the MOG
- first olympics with pro rather than amateur
- all seater stadium
- games shouldn't be used for political exploitation
105
1968
Mexico city
- black power salute
- Smith first, Norman second, Carlos third
106
influence of 1968 games today
- black athletes importance to olympics and society
107
1972
Munich
- Palestine terrorist attack
- killed 11 Israeli athletes
108
influence of 1972 games today
- more security to deter terrorism
109
1980
Moscow
- Boycott: USA against soviet union invasion of Afghanistan
110
influence of 1980 games today
- showing politics and sport shouldn't mix
- showed sport is political
111
1984
Los Angeles
- soviets boycotted due to lack of security.
- actually because US did it to them
112
advantages of hosing the games (sport)
- higher profile for sport
- more funding to elite sport
- sponsorship for performers/NGB's
- Better organisation and admin of sport
- positive role modeling
- increase respect for Paralympic sport
- legacy: world class facilities and potential for increased participation
113
disadvantages of hosing the games (sport)
- underused facilities after event
- limited long term increase in participation
- smaller sports are likely to be sidelined
- any deviance is likely to be hyped up by media e.g. doping
114
advantages of hosing the games (society)
- shop window effect
- increased sense of pride
- social integration and cooperation
- volunteering opportunities
- lower local crime rates as more police are present
- legacy: health and fitness awareness, increased participation, increased infrastructure/transport
115
disadvantages of hosing the games (society)
- locals may be displaced to make room for facilities
- increase local prices
- limited focus on long term social issues and needs
- pos might only benefit minorities
- pollution
- terrorist threat
116
advantages of hosing the games (economy)
- increase income to city/country
- increased economy due to employee opportunity
- new businesses attracted
117
disadvantages of hosing the games (economic)
- the bidding process is very expensive
- high cost of hosting
- limited long term job opportunities
- higher local house/rent prices
118
advantages of hosing the games (political)
- if country does well it reflects well politically
- success gives good impression of country and government
- during games political parties may cooperate temporarily
119
disadvantages of hosing the games (political)
the following would reflect badly politically:
- high costs
- protests/terrorism
- lack of long term legacy
120
factors that lead to commercialisation in sport
- increased media coverage
- increased sponsorship
- increased advertising
- greater exposure to variety of sports
- performers and spectators can now travel worldwide
- rise of dedicated TV/Radio channels to sport
121
positive effects of commercialisation in sport on performers
- increased pay
- increased professionalism
- increased standard of play
- increased fame
122
negative effects of commercialisation in sport on performers
- open to more scrutiny through social media
- win at all costs may cause deviance
- loss of control e.g. forced to play at times
123
positive effects of commercialisation in sport on spectators
- increased access to sport e.g. on demand
- increased media coverage
- increased media quality e.g. camera angles and replays
- increased stadia
124
negative effects of commercialisation in sport on spectators
- increased costs of tickets = smaller live audiences
- advertising can be intrusive
- some people dont like the sponsors.
125
positive effects of commercialisation in sport on society
- increased participation
- boost economy
- increase access to spectating sport
- increased entertainment = happier society
126
negative effects of commercialisation in sport on society
- privately owned meaning economic benefits will be felt only by few
- loss of tradition as sport changes e.g. the 100
- people may tend to spectate rather than participate
127
positive effects of commercialisation in sport on individual sports
- increased exposure
- increased participation
- increased funding to sport
- globalisation means sport can grow
128
negative effects of commercialisation in sport on individual sports
- some have less exposure than others
- less of tradition as sports are forced to change e.g. timings
- less of control, media dictate things
129
media pre 1980's
- only terrestrial TV existed so fewer channels
- less sport on TV
- Less competition for TV rights therefore less money in sport
- only mainstream sports televised
- male dominated
- lots of coverage for football hooliganism
130
media post 1980's
- satellite TV
- pay per view
- viewers have to subscribe to watch certain events
- organisations spend significant sums on securing TV rights
- global TV audience
- Some rules/format/timings changed to suite TV audience
- increased media coverage therefore commercial investment in sport
- wider variety of sports shown.
131
positive developments of women's sport post 1980's
- increase live coverage of women's sports
- wider range of sports covered
- increased female presenters e.g. Alex Scott
- less sexist coverage
132
limitations in the development of women's sport post 1980's
- sport is still presented in a stereotypical way by the media
- media coverage is not fair, most popular sports are the richest
133
advantages of media for performers
- raises athletes profile
- attracts sponsors
- increases financial benefits
- can allow athletes to train full time
134
disadvantages of media for performers
- press intrusion into private life
- can distract form performance
- increased pressure could lead to deviance
- few financial rewards
- poor behaviour is publicised
135
advantages of media for individual sports
- advanced tech
- increased interest and participation
- increased standards
- increased audience
- creates positive role models
- rules/timings/formats improved
- provides funds for NGB's
- minority sports receive coverage
136
disadvantages of media for individual sports
- can sensationalise events
- can promote sport in a bad light
- generate negative role models
- decrease participation
- rules/timings/formats have changed
- minority sports = less coverage
137
advantages of media for individual spectators
- promote healthy lifestyle/participation
- increased entertainment
- increased variety of sports available
- increased understanding of rules
- increased accuracy of results
138
disadvantages of media for spectators
- costs of subscriptions
- can reduce participation
- some sports dominate media
- audience may be bored of same sports
- can promote prejudices
139
advantages of media in the golden triangle
- increased media coverage leads to increased sponsorship
- increased media and sponsorship can increase funds for participation, elite performers and facilities
- media pressure can lead to rule changed making sport more entertaining
- increased media coverage = more sport available for spectators
- companies generate revenue through association with sports
140
disadvantages of media in the golden triangle
- media can dictate even timings
- sponsorship disproportionately benefits athletes/sports
- lack of media interest in some sports reduced sponsorship
- increased media coverage leads to increase in costs
- increased responsibilities to advertisers due to sponsorship detracting from the sport
- sponsorship and media coverage can add pressure to athlete and family
141
effect of increased money on women's sport
- helped make careers in sport for women
- increased prize money for women
- enabled more women's sport to become professional
- women can train full time
142
effect of increased media coverage on women's sport
- increased profile of women's sports
- increased participation in some sports
- increased female role models
- increased number of female presenters and commentators
- increased sponsorship for women
143
examples of modern technology in elite sport (access)
- bikes designed for handling
- underground heating to prevent pitches freezing
144
examples of modern technology in elite sport (facilities)
- hypoxic chambers
- artificial tracks for bob sled
145
examples of modern technology in elite sport (equipment)
- lightweight tennis racket
- composition of hockey sticks
146
examples of modern technology in elite sport (monitoring of exercise)
- GPS tracking
- power meters on bikes
147
examples of modern technology in elite sport (safety)
- halo in F1
- American football helmets
- concussion mouth-guards
148
examples of modern technology in elite sport (Recovery/injury)
- limb kinematics for analysis of movement to prevent injury
149
examples of modern technology in elite sport (performance)
- advanced running shoes
150
examples of modern technology in general participation (access)
- more people have more access to facilities e.g. pool hoists
151
examples of modern technology in general participation (facilities)
- floodlights
- astroturf pitches
- all weather use
152
examples of modern technology in general participation (equipment)
- specialist wheelchairs/artificial limbs allow people to participate
153
examples of modern technology in general participation (monitoring of exercise)
- activity trackers e.g. apple watch
154
examples of modern technology in general participation (safety)
- cycling helmets, mouth-guards, short corner masks
155
examples of modern technology in general participation (enjoyment)
- tech making it easier to learn skills e.g. wind-balls in cricket
156
benefits of modern technology in general participation (increased opportunity)
- all weather pitches
- all day/year round participation
- variety of sports
157
benefits of modern technology in general participation (enjoyment and progress)
- easier to learn skills
- safer
- increased entertainment
158
benefits of modern technology in general participation (increased inclusion)
- adapted sports equipment for mobility
- equipment to increase safety for disabled athletes
- creation of 'new' sports using assistive technology
- advances in prosthesis
159
benefits of modern technology in general participation (increased access to facilities)
- ramps to buildings and pitches
- better equipment for disabilities
- adapted facilties
160
benefits of modern technology in general participation (increased motivation)
- motivation through tracking e.g. apple watch
- motivation through adherence
161
benefits of modern technology in general participation (massed production)
- readily available
- cheap
162
drawbacks of modern technology (access)
- kit is expensive so those with more money are able to afford it
- generally only available at elite level
- used in some sports and not in others
163
drawbacks of modern technology (PED's)
- technology creates new drugs
- PED's give unfair advantage
- testing tech cant keep up with new development
164
drawbacks of modern technology (pressure on officials)
- can highlight errors and overrule them
- pressure to use tech rather than trust instinct
165
benefits of goal line technology
- provides fairer outcomes
- takes pressure off officials to make decisions
- builds excitement when waiting for the judgement
166
drawbacks of goal line technology
- takes away the element of chance
- puts pressure on refs to use it
- disrupts flow of the game
- decreased enjoyment due to lack of dispute
167
how has technology increased entertainment in sport (replays)
- add drama or rewatch entertaining moments
- re-watch key moments
168
how has technology increased entertainment in sport (camera angles)
increase entertainment by improving viewing e.g. ref cam in rug
169
how has technology increased entertainment in sport (motion capture analysis)
can add to viewing information e.g. distance run
170
how has technology increased entertainment in sport (punditry)
- replays, camera angles facilitate punditry and allows for more analysis before, during and after a game
171
how has technology increased entertainment in sport (education)
- replays and camera angles = improved viewing
- technology can improve peoples knowledge about sport
172
how has technology increased entertainment in sport (screens)
- giant screens in stadium increase entertainment for spectators
173
how has technology reduced entertainment in sport
- constant interruptions
- people may not like pundits
- tech can break
- may reduce live attendance and atmosphere
- removes controversy
174
how has modern technology increased safety in sport (equipment and clothing)
decrease the severity of injury's e.g. shin pads
175
how has modern technology increased safety in sport (wearable computers)
provide information about physiological status to prevent injury over exertion e.g. GPS tracker
176
how has modern technology increased safety in sport (testing equipment)
so that weaknesses can be identified and improved e.g. VO2 max
177
how has modern technology increased safety in sport (Gait analysis)
Allows imperfections to be identified
178
how has modern technology increased safety in sport (Limb kinematics)
Identified poor technique which might have lead to injury
179
how has modern technology increased safety in sport (precision hydration)
Allows athletes to compete at optimum hydration levels
180
how has modern technology increased safety in sport (artificial pitches)
slip resistant and impact absorbing to decrease chance of injury
181
how has modern technology increased safety in sport (improved detection of foul play)
e.g. TMO and 3rd official umpire
182
advantages of devices for participation in sport
- increase motivation e.g. apple watch
- may increase knowledge of performance
- may inspire people to participate
- devices may communicate information on how to take part
183
disadvantages of devices for participation in sport
- use of devices may decrease time for participation
- devices provide entertainment so no need to participate
- expenses of devices may reduce money spend on sport
184
4 stages of the participation pyramid
stage 1 = foundation
stage 2 = participation
stage 3 = performance
stage 4 = excellence
185
routes to elite sport - role of schools
- compulsory PE
- learn a range of sports
- provide specialist equipment and coaches
- provide club links
- offer PE qualifications
186
routes to elite sport - role of clubs
- frequent competition provided
- specialist coaching, equipment and facilities
- possibly talent ID schemes
- can provide basic medical support
187
routes to elite sport - role of universities
- combines performance with study
- many offer sports scholarships and bursaries
- high quality competition
- world class facilities (bath bobsled)
- involved in sports science research
188
why do athletes drop out
- funding issues
- demands of training
- unable to access elite programmes
- injury
- media pressure
- family commitments
- stress
- lack of enjoyment
- not good enough
189
strategies to reduce drop out
- identify problems
- performance/lifestyle advice
- media strategies
- medical strategies
- psychological support
- training programme
- sponsorship/financial help
190
how do schools and clubs work together to develop elite performers?
- specialist coaches may be made available to schools for lessons
- schools may lend facilities to clubs
- schools might recommend clubs to talented individuals
- clubs may organise inter school competitions
191
what is talent ID
- looking for someone with ability beyond the norm
- testing physical and psychological parameters to determine likelihood of success
- look at parents
- consider socio cultural factors
192
advantages of talent ID
- those identified should make rapid progress
- get relevant sporting experiences
- more success/medal winners
- better use of NGB funding
- widens talent pool in minority sports
193
disadvantages of talent ID
- will always miss people out
- experienced coaches 'eye' could be better than tests
- testing requires extensive funding
- children could be over trained and limits their options from a young age
- although they have potential to be good they might not be
194
how to create an elite performance programme
- train coaches to help develop performers skill
- create competition structure
- financial support for potential performers
- train coaches at all levels
- create campaigns to promote sport
- develop sports science support
- Talent ID
- develop facilities
195
main roles of UK sport
- funds national institutes
- Talent ID - finance to support
- world class programme
- NGB funding based on success of sport
196
podium
potential to win next olympics
197
podium potential
potential to win medal in 2 olympics time
198
role of national institutes of sport
- provide sports science to athletes
- tech research to help elite performers
- performance/lifestyle advice
- physiological and psychological help
- access to top class facilities
- english institutes of sport e.g. Loughborough
199
state schools
the majority of the population attend these but are proportionally under represented in medal winners
200
private schools
minority attend these but are over represented as medal winners
201
grammar schools
minority attend these schools but they are slightly over represented as medal winners
202
why are private schools more successful than state and grammar
- more time dedicated in curriculum to sport
- specialist coaches, facilities and tech
- talented pupils are offered scholarships
- higher standard of competition
