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Biology 11 > Kingdom Monera & Microscopes > Flashcards

Kingdom Monera & Microscopes Flashcards

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1
Q

First virus discovered

A

Tobacco mosaic virus: discovered by wendell Stanley

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2
Q

Characteristics that make a virus non-living

A

Outside a living call appear to be lifeless chemical and carry out no functions on their own

Can only reproduce inside a living cell (obligate intercellular parasite)

Occupies position between living and non-living

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3
Q

Viral structure

A

20nm-40nm
Do not contain: nucleus, inner membrane, or membrane bound organelles

Consist of: inner nucleic acid cord, outer protein coat called capsid (makes up 95% of virus and gives shape), often have lipid membrane called envelope

know how to draw

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4
Q

Virus shapes

A
  1. Helix
  2. Polyhedral
  3. Envelope
  4. Polyhedral head w/ cylindrical tail
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5
Q

Viral specificity

A

Describes how many kinds of organisms the virus is able to infect (host range)

Viruses identify host by fitting proteins on capsid with specific receptors on outside of host cell surface

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6
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Type of virus that infects bacteria cells

Ex: T4 bacteriophage

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7
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  1. Attachment and entrance: virus recognizes host, whole virus/nucleic acid enters
  2. Synthesis of protein and nucleic acid: virus takes over mechanism of replication
  3. Assembly: virus proteins and nucleic acids are assembled into particles
  4. Release: fully formed viruses burst cell and are released
  • takes around 25-45 minutes
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8
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  1. Starts same as lytic cycle
  2. DNA becomes integrated into host cells DNA (now called prophage/provirus)
  3. DNA is replicated along with host cell
  4. Change in environment (temp, nutrients, damage…) causes cell to enter lytic cycle.

remains undetected

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9
Q

Non specific lines of defense

A
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
  • oil and sweat glands
  • gastric juice
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10
Q

Specific lines of defense

A

Immune response: antibodies are produced and bind to virus

Cells can then engulf and destroy

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11
Q

How viruses cause disease

How they are hard to treat

A

Attack cells, destroying them and thereby causing symptoms of the disease

They are active while safely inside our body and cannot be treated with antibodies, some become latent, they attack immune system, and mutate quickly

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12
Q

Vaccines

A

Are weakened or similar forms of the virus. These are injected into the person and their immune system easily fights off virus (produced antibodies)

Memory cell now recognizes virus and will fight it off before sickness is caused

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13
Q

Endemic

A

With us all the time (cold virus)

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14
Q

Epidemic

A

When a disease starts to spread rapidly

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15
Q

Pandemic

A

When a disease spreads throughout the world (small pox)

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16
Q

Retroviruses

A

Replicate nucleic acid in reverse of standard: use RNA to make DNA

Uses reverse transcriptase
- have envelope

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17
Q

Viroids

A

Tiny particles of pure RNA: causes disease in plants. There is no cure.

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18
Q

Prions

A

Are particles of proteins that cause some disease in animals: mutated gene

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19
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • do not have a nucleus
  • do not have membrane bound organelles
  • do have ribosomes (they differ)
  • almost all smaller than smallest eukaryote
  • most are single celled
  • draw prokaryote*
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20
Q

Pili

A

Aid in:

  • docking or sticking to surface
  • exchange of DNA
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21
Q

Archaebacteria

A
  • Live in extreme environments
  • most species are harmless, some beneficial
  • chemically distinct (cell walls, membranes, and ribosomal RNA)
  • divided into 4 groups: methanogens, thermoacidophyles, chemosynthesizers, and extreme halophiles
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22
Q

Methanogens

A
  • produce methane
  • live in oxygen free environment
    Found in: swamps, marshes, mammals
  • used to treat sewage and purify waste water
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23
Q

Thermoacidophyles

A
  • live in extremely hot (6-250 degrees Celsius) and acidic water
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24
Q

Chemosynthesizers

A
  • use inorganic compounds as an energy source

- live in deep sea hot springs formed by volcanic vents in ocean floor

25
Q

Extreme halophiles

A
  • live in extremely salty conditions such as: Great salt lake Utah, and Dead Sea.
  • can grow in water 10x saltier than sea water
26
Q

Eubacteria

A

All organisms known as bacteria

Divided into 3 groups: gram positive, gram negative, and Cyanobacteria

27
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Have thick wall or protein-sugar complex that takes on purple colour during gram staining

Ex: found in yogurt, buttermilk, streptococcus

28
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Have an extra layer of lipid on the outside of cell wall and appear red after staining

Ex: rhizebacteria (nitrogen fixing)

29
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Gram negative monerans that perform plant-like photosynthesis and release oxygen as a byproduct

  • are much larger than most prokaryotes
  • provide food for other organisms

Ex: thylakoids

30
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A
  1. Respiration: aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative anaerobes
  2. Metabolism: autotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs, saprophytes, mutualistic
  3. Reproduction: binary fission, stressful environments= sexual
31
Q

Gram staining

A

Bacteria stained with purple dye and iodine, rinsed in alcohol, then stained with red dye

32
Q

Aerobic

A

Obligate aerobes: need oxygen to survive

33
Q

Anaerobic

A
  1. Obligate anaerobes: killed by oxygen so must live in absence of it
  2. Facultative anaerobes: can use oxygen if it’s available
34
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organism that produces own food

35
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use energy from sun to produce it’s own food

36
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Obtain energy from inorganic substances rather than sunlight

37
Q

Heterotrophs

A

An organism that cannot produce its own food

Saprophytes: decompose dead animals
Parasites: feed on live organisms and cause disease
Mutualist: symbiotic relationship where both benefit

38
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction

  • most monerans use this process
  • chromosome replicates and cell divides creating 2 identical cells
39
Q

Causes of variation in bacterial DNA

A
  1. Mutations of DNA and RNA are most important source

2. Sexual reproduction: conjugation, transduction, and transformation

40
Q

Conjugation

A

Exchanging genetic material through cell-to-cell contact

  • DNA moves from one cell to another
  • are attached by pili forming cytoplasmic bridge
41
Q

Transformation

A

Bacteria cells pick up and incorporate DNA from dead bacterial cells
- same or closely related species

42
Q

Transduction

A

Uses a virus (T4 bacteriophage) to transfer DNA from one bacteria to another
- useful in genetic engineering

43
Q

Bacterial growth phases

A
  1. Lag phase: slow initial growth, acclimate to nutrients in new habitat
  2. Exponential phase: bacteria multiply exponentially every couple of minutes
  3. Stationary phase: more and more bacteria compete for dwindling in nutrients. Division is slowing down/is stationary
  4. Death phase: toxic waste products build up, food is depleted, bacteria begin to die
44
Q

Beneficial roles of bacteria

A
  • Free up nitrogen soils for plants
  • Break down dead organic material
  • Symbiosis/mutualism: help digest food in animals
  • industry: making cheese, buttermilk, yogurt
  • clean up oil spills (digest petroleum)
  • useful in making drugs
  • experimental tools
45
Q

Damaging roles of bacteria

A
  1. Disease
    - destruction of host tissue
    - toxins (endotoxins: released from dead bacteria) (exotoxins: released from living bacteria)
  2. Contaminate food
46
Q

Fighting bacteria

A
  1. Disinfectants
  2. Antiseptics
  3. Antibiotics
    - inhibit growth or destroy bacteria
47
Q

Ways disease is transmitted

A
  1. Moisture droplets in air
  2. Dust
  3. Direct contact
  4. Fecal contamination
  5. Animal bites
  6. Wounds
48
Q

Problems with antibiotics

A
  1. Allergies
  2. Bacterial resistance: develops when a mutation allows bacteria to survive antibiotic
  3. Destruction of beneficial bacteria
49
Q

-coccus

A

Spherical

50
Q

-bacillus

A

Rod-shaped

51
Q

-spirillum

A

Spiral

52
Q

Diplo-

A

Pairs

53
Q

Strepto-

A

Chains

54
Q

Staphylo-

A

Clusters

55
Q

Sarcina-

A

Cube of 8 cells

56
Q

Field of views

A

4x: 4300 micrometers
100x: 1700 micrometers
400x 430 micrometers

57
Q

In moneran diagram

A

Plasma membrane, cell wall, and then capsule

58
Q

Plasmid

A

Small pieces of circular DNA

Biology 11 (4 decks)

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