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Biology 11 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Importance of carbohydrates

A
  1. Short term energy (glucose to ATP)
  2. Energy storage (glycogen in liver/muscles, starch in plants)
  3. Receptors and identification tags (cell membrane markers)
  4. Structural material (plant walls: cellulose, insect exoskeleton: carbohydrate chitin)
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2
Q

Protein functions

A
  1. Provide structural support (elastin in cartilage, and in bone/muscle cells)
  2. Movement (actin and myosin in muscle cells)
  3. Metabolic functions
    - enzymes (biochemical catalysts)
    - antibodies (immune system fight disease)
    - transport (in cell membrane act as channels)
    - hormones (control many aspects of homeostasis)
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3
Q

Nucleotides

A 
Consists of:
- 5 carbon sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogenous base (1 or 2 rings)
In DNA:
- A to T
- C to G
In RNA:
- A to U
- C to G
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4
Q

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid

A
  • Composed of monomers (nucleotides)
  • Makes up chromosomes and genes
  • Controls all cell activities (cell division & protein synthesis)
  • undergoes mutations important to the process of evolution
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5
Q

Amino Acids

A 
Functional groups
1. Amine (-NH)
2. Carboxyl (-COOH)
3. R (remainder)
• Composes proteins
• Each has different R group
* know how to draw*
• There is 20 essential
- make 12 
- eat 8
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6
Q

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

A

• Type of nucleotide
• Used as primary source of energy in cells
Consists of
- sugar ribose, base adenine, and 3 phosphate groups attached to ribose
• produced in mitochondria during cellular respiration

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7
Q

Base Pair Names

A

A: adenine
T: thymine
C: cytosine
G: guanine

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8
Q

Peptide bonds

A

• Bond between 2 amino acids
• formed through dehydration synthesis
know how to draw

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9
Q

Biochemical reaction types

A
  1. Dehydration synthesis: forms polymers and produces water

2. Hydrolysis: water breaks up molecule

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10
Q

Polysaccharides

A

• Contains large number of monosaccharides
• 3 most important types made of carbohydrates
- starch
- glycogen
- cellulose

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11
Q

Disaccharides

A

• sugar formed when two monosaccharides join by glycosidic linkage
G= glucose
G + G ——> G-G + H2O

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12
Q

Glucose

A

• Makes ATP
• Bonds to form glycogen
• is a carbohydrate
know how to draw

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13
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • Simple sugars with one unit molecule

* most common is glucose

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14
Q

Polar molecule

A

• Molecule with uneven distribution of charge

  • each molecule has positive and negative end
  • know how to draw H2O molecule*
  • angle is 104.5
  • H pos. O neg.
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15
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

• Water molecules attract each other H+ attracts O-
• Weak bond/easily broken
* know how to draw*

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16
Q

Water facts

A
  1. Most abundant substance on surface of the planet
  2. Absolutely essential to all life
  3. Universal solvent (does not dissolve ALL)
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17
Q

RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

A
  • Composed of monomers (nucleotides)
  • Works with DNA to direct protein synthesis
  • Linear/Single strand
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18
Q

Characteristics of living things

A
  1. Have orderly structure (made of one or more living cells)
  2. Reproduce (have DNA/RNA that hold info and control life’s processes)
  3. Grow and develop (use energy for growth and maintenance
  4. Respond to environmental stimuli
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19
Q

Why organisms require water

A
  1. Only substances dissolved in water can enter cell membrane (glucose, amino acids via passive diffusion)
  2. Water carries away dissolved wastes from cells and excretes in liquid (urine and sweat)
  3. Water and water based solutions acts as lubricant (joints lubricated by fluid called synovial fluid)
  4. Water regulates temperature
  5. Important for hydrolysis reactions
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20
Q

Lipids and their importance

A

Fats, oils, and waxes

  1. Long term energy storage
  2. Insulation “blubber” maintain body temperature
  3. Padding of vital organs
  4. Structural (cell membranes are mostly composed of phospholipids)
  5. Chemical messengers (steroid hormones ex. Testosterone, estrogen…)
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21
Q

Types of fats

A
  1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bond between carbons, solid at room temp. “Saturated with hydrogen’s”
  2. Unsaturated fatty acids: at least one double bond, tends to be liquid at room temp.
  3. Neutral fats (triglycerides): formed by dehydration synthesis between glycerol and 3 fatty acids
  4. Phospholipids: same as neutral fats, but on phosphate group and 2 fatty acids
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22
Q

The cell theory

A
  1. Cells are the basic units of life
  2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
  3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
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23
Q

Divisions of cells

A

Prokaryotes: cells that do not contain nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes: cells that do contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

24
Q

Plant vs animal cells

A
  1. Plant cells contain cell wall
  2. Plant cells have plastids (chloroplast)
  3. Plant cells contain a central vacuole that holds mostly water. Animal cells have small ones holding food and water
25
Q

Cell membrane structure

A

• selectively permeable
- some substances can cross without aid, but not all
• phospholipid bilayer
- phosphate heads are polar and hydrophilic, interact with water environments/outsides
- fatty acid tails are non polar and hydrophobic, are on inside
• cholesterol
- found in membrane: prevent fatty acid tails from sticking together

26
Q

Cell membrane functions

A
  • transport of materials in and out of cells
  • cell recognition
  • maintaining cell integrity
  • homeostasis
27
Q

The fluid mosaic model

A
  • cell membrane both liquid and solid properties
  • “fluid sea” is phospholipid bilayer (lipids and carbohydrates are boats)
  • “mosaic” is solid embedded proteins in bilayer
28
Q

Proteins in fluid mosaic model

A
  • receptor proteins: proteins wit receptor so certain molecules can attach to surface
  • protein channels: provide mechanisms for lipid insoluble molecules to cross the membrane
  • channels with ATP: some substances bond to proteins and are propelled through membrane with expenditure of energy
29
Q

Nucleus (controls all cell function)

A
  • surrounded by phospholipid bilayer (nuclear envelope) which has pores to control molecules moving in and out
  • contains DNA and is site of mRNA production
  • chromosomes function in packaging of DNA during nuclear division
  • contains 1+ nucleolus which is site of rRNA synthesis
30
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

• series of membranous canal through which molecules can be transported

  1. Rough ER: ribosomes attach to, site of protein synthesis
  2. Smooth ER: site of lipid synthesis, detoxifies drug and chemicals in the cell
31
Q

Ribosomes-rRNA

A
  • one of smallest yet most abundant organelle
  • made up of two rRNA subunits and joined proteins
  • assembly is in cytoplasm
  • carries out protein synthesis
32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • often continuous with ER
  • each sac contains enzymes that modify proteins that pass through
  • function is to modify, assemble, package, store, and secrets substances
33
Q

Vacuoles and vesicles

A 
• used for transport
Formation:
1. Pinching off from Golgi apparatus
2. Endocytosis of the cell membrane
3. Extensions of the ER membrane
34
Q

Lysosomes

A

Sacks of digestive enzymes

  1. Cellular digestion: destroy bacteria
  2. Auto digestion: disposal of damaged cell components
  3. Break down if whole cell: suicide sac
35
Q

Mitochondria

A 
“Powerhouse”
• large double membraned structure
- outer membrane surrounds mitochondria
- inner membrane is convoluted with folds called cristae
• cellular respiration occurs here
36
Q

Cellular respiration reaction

A

• combustion

Glucose+O2——> H2O+energy(ATP)

37
Q

Plastids

A

Food makers of the world
• found in plants
• most common is chloroplast
• chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which is used for photosynthesis

38
Q

Photosynthesis reaction

A

Sunlight+CO2+H2O—> glucose+O2(energy)

39
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  1. Cytosol: jelly like substance where reactions take place

2. Organelles: each has specific function

40
Q

Cytoskeleton

A 
• network of micro tubes
- made of protein and microfilaments
• maintains shape
• anchors organelles
• help the organelles move as necessary
41
Q

Cilia and flagella

A
  • function in cell movement
  • cilia are shorter and move in rowing motion
  • flagella are longer and move in whip like fashion
42
Q

Centrioles

A

Animal cells only

• help organize the cell during cell division

43
Q

Cell wall

A

Plant cell only
• non living layer surrounding outer cell membrane
• composed of cellulose
• semi permeable membrane that supports and protects plant cells

44
Q

General types of transport

A
  1. Passive transport (no energy)
    - diffusion
    - osmosis
    - facilitated transport
  2. Active transport (requires energy)
    - active transport
    - endocytosis
    - exocytosis
45
Q

Diffusion

A
  • molecules move from and area of high concentration to low
  • only certain molecules can diffuse through membrane: lipid soluble molecules, (steroids, alcohols, and other lipids) gases (CO2 and O2), water through charges protein pores (aquaporin)
46
Q

Ways to increase rate of diffusion

A
  1. Increase temperature
  2. Increase concentration gradient
  3. Decrease molecule size
47
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water

48
Q

Solute

A

Particles dissolved in water

49
Q

Solvent

A

Liquid which dissolved solute (usually water)

50
Q

Solution

A

Combination of solute and solvent

51
Q

Types of solutions

A
  1. Hypotonic: less solute molecules than inside cell
  2. Hypertonic: more solute molecules than inside cell
  3. Isotonic: same number of solute molecules as inside cell
52
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

• pressure due to flow of water from are of greater concentration of solvent to that of lesser concentration solvent
• greater concentration differences across membrane= greater osmotic pressure
* water uses protein to pass through membrane

53
Q

Facilitated transport

A
  • uses protein carrier
  • highly specific: each carrier moves only one type of molecule
  • no energy required
  • can move things like glucose and amino acids
54
Q

Active transport

A
  • uses protein carrier
  • requires ATP
  • moves substance from high concentration to low
55
Q

Endocytosis and exocytosis

A

• require ATP
• endocytosis: cell membrane forms vesicle around a substance to be taken into cell
- phagocytosis: “cell eating” larger molecule
- pinocytosis: “cell drinking” smaller molecules
• exocytosis: reverse of endocytosis. Vesicle fuses with cell membrane releasing contents

Biology 11 (4 decks)

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