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Kinesiology > kinesiologyweek6 > Flashcards

kinesiologyweek6 Flashcards

1
Q

Typical Spinal Nerve

A

ventral root - efferent axons, movement; dorsal root - afferent axons, sensory

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1
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

posterior trunk and neck

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1
Q

Ventral Ramus

A

anterolateral trunk, neck and extremities

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2
Q

Ventral Ramus Innervation - Plexus

A

cervical C1-4; brachial C5-T1; lumbar L1-4; sacral L4-S4

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3
Q

Ventral Ramus - Segmental Innervation

A

intercostal nerves T1-L2 (intercostal mm and cutaneous), recurrent meningeal nerves C1-S4 (interbody joints, primarily posterior annulus, PLL)

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4
Q

Dorsal Ramus Innervation

A

branches from every spinal nerve, short distance, segmental innervation of posterior mm of back, dermatome sensation to posterior back, sensation to ligaments of posterior vertebra, apophyseal joints, and dorsal SI ligaments

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5
Q

Muscles of the Trunk

A

anterior-lateral - abdominals; posterior - superficial trap & lat, intermediate serratus, deep erector (additional - iliopsoas and QL)

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6
Q

Muscles of the Craniocervical Region

A

anterior-lateral - SCM, scalene; posterior - superficial (splenius capitis and cervicis); deep (suboccipitals)

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7
Q

Internal Torque

A

muscle force x internal moment arm

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8
Q

Trunk Flexion/Extension

A

sagittal plane, longissimis thoracis and rectus abdominis

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9
Q

Trunk Lateral Flexion

A

frontal plane, obliquus externus abdominis and iliocostalis thoracis

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10
Q

Trunk Axial Rotation

A

horizontal plane, obliquus externus abdominis and multifidus

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11
Q

Spatial Orientation

A

determines the effectiveness or potential to produce particular action, for example horizontal force will produce axial rotation and vertical force will produce lateral flexion and flexion for the obliquus externus abdominis (line of force in sagittal plane 30 degrees from vertical)

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12
Q

Special Considerations for Muscle Action with Axial Skeleton

A

bilateral or unilateral activation, which attachments are stabilized (assume cranial end free), influence of gravity

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13
Q

Superficial Layer of Posterior Trunk Muscles

A

consider dual action or “reverse action” due to origin (upper and middle trap rotate cervical and upper thoracic spine and stabilize the position of the scapula relative to the thorax)

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14
Q

Intermediate Layer of the Posterior Trunk

A

role in breathing and rib movement for thoracic expansion (serratus posterior superior and inferior)

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15
Q

Deep Layer of the Posterior Trunk

A

erector spinae, transversospinal group, short segmental group (innervated dorsal rami)

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16
Q

Erector Spinae

A

large mass 3 columns, subdivided regionally, gross movements, “common tendon” insertion, bilateral action is extension (anterior pelvic tilt), unilateral action is lateral flexion and some ipsilateral rotation

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17
Q

“Common Tendon”

A

thoracolumbar fascia/lumbodorsal fascia, median sacral crests, spinous processes of lower thoracic and all lumbar, supraspinous ligaments of lower thoracic and all lumbar, iliac crests, sacrotuberous and sacroiliac ligaments, gluteus maximus, multifidi

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18
Q

Transversospinal Group

A

multifidi, rotatores, semispinalis; deep to erector spinae, transverse to spinous process of superior vertebrae, produce fine controlled movement, bilateral extension, unilateral lateral or contralateral rotation (primarily prevent rotation versus promoting it)

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19
Q

Semispinalis Muscles

A

thoracis, cervicis, and capitis; cervicis and thoracis can be palpated anterior lateral to upper trap, 30-45% of extension torque of head, some with capital extension

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20
Q

Multifidi

A

transverse to spinous processes of vertebrae 2-4 segments superior, most developed in lumbar region, high angle of insertion to spinous process, produces rotary torque, stabilization

21
Q

Rotatores

A

deepest of transversospinal, transverse to spinous process 1-2 segments superior, most developed in thoracic

22
Q

Short Segmental Group

A

interspinalis and intertransversarius, cross one vertebral junction, fine motor movements cervical spine, low level torque, mm fibers blend with interspinous or intertransverse ligaments, coordinated movements of C-spine and head

23
Q

Rectus Sheath and Linea Alba

A

anterior and posterior rectus sheath, linea alba is the thickening and crisscross as the sheaths cross midline, mechanical link for muscles and contributes to strength

24
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

runs longitudinal, sleeve formed by anterior and posterior sheaths, intersected with fibrous bands (tendinous intersections)

25
Q

Internal and External Obliques

A

external is largest and most superficial, internal is deep 2nd layer, nearly perpendicular fibers to EO

26
Q

Transverse Abdominis

A

deepest, “corset muscle,” increases intraabdominal pressure, attachments to thoracolumbar fascia

27
Q

Action of Abdominal Muscles

A

trunk flexion, trunk rotation (synergistic obliques)

28
Q

Trunk Flexion vs. Extension Torque

A

flexion torque < extension torque, flexors have better leverage but extensors have greater mass and vertical orientation of mm fibers, extensors counteract gravity, extensors high function with carrying loads in front

29
Q

Iliopsoas

A

iliacus and psoas major, anterior tilt of pelvis, psoas major functions for lateral flexion, trunk flexion, vertical stabilizer

30
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A

bilateral extension and stabilization, unilateral lateral flexion (hip hiking), works with psoas major to provide vertical stability

31
Q

Core Stability

A

stable base for movement of limbs, intrinsic muscular stabilizers are short segmented and transversospinal groups which promote stability in all planes

32
Q

Extrinsic Stabilizers of the Trunk

A

general stability, semi-rigid link between vertebral column and lower extremity

33
Q

Trunk Flexion Phase of Sit-Up

A

rectus abdominis, posterior pelvic tilt, low hip flexor EMG regardless of LE position

34
Q

Hip Flexion Phase of Sit-Up

A

hip flexors contract, abdominals isometric

35
Q

Controlling the Sit-Up Movement

A

weak abs = hip flexors dominate and lordosis or anterior pelvic tilt; legs fixed = more hip flexors

36
Q

Anterior-Lateral Craniocervical Muscles

A

SCM, scalenes, logus colli and capitis, rectus capitis anterior and lateralis

37
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

bilateral flexion, uinlateral actionis lateral flexion and contralateral rotation

38
Q

Scalenes

A

transverse processes to first 2 ribs, brachial plexus between anterior and middle (tightness/spasm = motor and sensory changes), unilateral contraction causes lateral flexion (anterior scalene has some contralateral rotation), bilateral action causes some flexion, rib elevation (vertical stability)

39
Q

Longus Colli and Capitis

A

essential for vertical stability, L. colli flexes cervical spine, L. capitis flexes craniocervical

40
Q

Rectus Capitis Anterior and Lateralis

A

transverse process of C1 to inferior occipital bone, anterior = flexor, lateralis = lateral flexor

41
Q

Muscles of Posterior Craniocervical Region

A

splenius cervicis and capitis, suboccipital muscles

42
Q

Splenius Capitis and Cervicis

A

unilateral - lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation, bilateral - extension/capital extension

43
Q

Suboccipital Muscles

A

fine control of movement at AO and AA, cervical sidebending coupled with same side rotation, contralateral occipital mm for rotating head to orient

44
Q

Stabilization of Craniocervical Region

A

vertical stability - compress intervertebral segments, interaction of precise control from segmented muscles and long muscles, stability in sagittal plane - positioning

45
Q

Coordinated Movements of Head and Neck

A

optimize positioning of eyes, ears, nose; craniocervical region - greatest triplanar mobility

46
Q

Biomechanical Issues of Lifting

A

lifting - creates large compression, tension, shear forces and can exceed structural tolerance

47
Q

Muscle Mechanics of Extension while Lifting

A

consider muscular peak torque, ligamentous tension, compression/shear forces at IV or apophyseal joints

48
Q

Reduction of Force Demands on the Back While Lifting

A
  1. reduce speed of lifting, 2. reduce magnitude of external load, 3. reduce length of external moment arm, 4. increase length of internal moment arm
49
Q

Intra-Abdominal Pressure & Lifting

A

contraction of abdominal musculature - increases vertical compression forces on spine, requires counterbalance of extensors; corset effect - co-contraction with contraction of transverse abdominis and internal oblique (myogenic compression & splinting), intra-abdominal pressure result of strong abdominal contraction

50
Q

What else could contribute to extension torque in the trunk?

A

passive tension of posterior ligamentous system (assists with load), erector spinae have “silent EMG” in full flexion then engage as extension increases

51
Q

What ELSE could contribute to extension torque in the trunk?

A

muscular-generated tension through thoracolumbar fascia, needs to be stretched to develop tension (slight forward flexion when preparing to lift), active contraction of muscles that attach (TA, IO, lat., gluteus max), provides static bracing

52
Q

Lifting Techniques

A

squat lift powered by LE with a short moment arm (decrease extension torque) and neutral spine, stoop lift powered by greater extension of low back with long external moment arm and LEs work 23-24%

Kinesiology (6 decks)

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