Gait Flashcards
What occurs during the stance phase?
heel contact to toe off, foot is on ground supporting body weight (60% of gait cycle)
In the gait cycle, what percentage is stance and swing phase?
60% stance and 40% swing
What occurs during the swing phase?
toe off to heel contact, foot in the air being advanced forward
Would increasing double limb support time increase or decrease speed of gait?
decrease
When does mid stance occur during gait (stance phase)?
30%
Mid swing in the right leg corresponds with what phase in the opposite leg?
mid stance
When does heel off occur as opposed to toe off in the stance phase of gait?
heel off - 40%; toe off - 60%
What is push off?
40-60% of stance phase
What are the four periods of stance?
loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing
What are the three periods of swing phase?
initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing
Vertical Displacement in Gait
5 cm, min. height at midpoint of periods of double limb support, max. height at midpoint of periods of single limb support
Lateral Displacement of Gait
4 cm, max. occurs at midpoint of stance phase of the ipsilateral lower extremity
When is the center of mass at its lowest and most central position (least displacement) during gait?
in the middle of double limb support (5% and 55% of gate cycle)
What are the two ways we describe gait?
spatial and temporal
Stride Length
distance between heel contacts on SAME foot (144 cm, 4.5 ft)
Step Length
distance between heel contacts of opposite feet (72 cm, 28 in.)
Step Width
lateral distance between heel centers of 2 consecutive foot contacts (7-9 cm)
Foot Angle
degree of toe out, angle between line of progression of the body and long axis of the foot (7 degrees)
What is normal walking speed?
1.37 m/sec; best and most functional measure of individual’s walking ability
When does the hip posterior tilt?
0-10%, second half of stance, terminal swing
When does the hip anterior tilt?
during single limb support, initial and mid swing
What hip ROM in sagittal plane is needed for gait?
30 degrees of flexion and 10 degrees extension
Sagittal Plane Kinematics of the Hip during Gait
heel contact - flexed 30 degrees; extends during stance to 10 degrees before toe off, flexion initiated pre swing, toe off at 0 degrees, in the swing phase hip flexion to advance leg
What ROM in the sagittal plane is needed in the knee during gait?
extension to 60 degrees of flexion
What is the knee flexed to at toe off?
35 degrees
When does max flexion of the knee occur during gait?
mid swing (concentric hamstring)
At heel contact, is the knee fully extended?
no, it is flexed 5 degrees, full extension just prior to heel contact
What ROM is needed at the ankle during gait?
10 degrees dorsiflexion and 20 degrees plantarflexion
Just after toe off, how far is the ankle plantarflexed?
15-20 degrees
During the swing phase, describe how the ankle moves.
ankle dorsiflexed then to neutral
How much extension is needed in the MTP from heel off to before toe off?
45-55 degrees
Summary of Sagittal Plane Heel Contact
joints aligned to reach forward, elongate LE to put foot flat on ground
Summary of Sagittal Plane After Heel Contact
knee flexion and ankle PF cushion loading for smooth weight acceptance
Summary of Sagittal Plane Mid-Stance
joints extend to support body weight and increase heigh to allow contralateral LE swing
Summary of Sagittal Plane Swing
leg shortens for clearance, reaches forward for heel contact
What ROM is needed in the hip in the frontal plane?
10-15 degrees
What occurs in the hip as weight is accepted on the right leg and slight drop occurs in left leg?
pelvic-on-femoral adduction in the right leg