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Gait Flashcards

0
Q

What occurs during the stance phase?

A

heel contact to toe off, foot is on ground supporting body weight (60% of gait cycle)

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1
Q

In the gait cycle, what percentage is stance and swing phase?

A

60% stance and 40% swing

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2
Q

What occurs during the swing phase?

A

toe off to heel contact, foot in the air being advanced forward

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3
Q

Would increasing double limb support time increase or decrease speed of gait?

A

decrease

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4
Q

When does mid stance occur during gait (stance phase)?

A

30%

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5
Q

Mid swing in the right leg corresponds with what phase in the opposite leg?

A

mid stance

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6
Q

When does heel off occur as opposed to toe off in the stance phase of gait?

A

heel off - 40%; toe off - 60%

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7
Q

What is push off?

A

40-60% of stance phase

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8
Q

What are the four periods of stance?

A

loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing

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9
Q

What are the three periods of swing phase?

A

initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing

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10
Q

Vertical Displacement in Gait

A

5 cm, min. height at midpoint of periods of double limb support, max. height at midpoint of periods of single limb support

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11
Q

Lateral Displacement of Gait

A

4 cm, max. occurs at midpoint of stance phase of the ipsilateral lower extremity

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12
Q

When is the center of mass at its lowest and most central position (least displacement) during gait?

A

in the middle of double limb support (5% and 55% of gate cycle)

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13
Q

What are the two ways we describe gait?

A

spatial and temporal

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14
Q

Stride Length

A

distance between heel contacts on SAME foot (144 cm, 4.5 ft)

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15
Q

Step Length

A

distance between heel contacts of opposite feet (72 cm, 28 in.)

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16
Q

Step Width

A

lateral distance between heel centers of 2 consecutive foot contacts (7-9 cm)

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17
Q

Foot Angle

A

degree of toe out, angle between line of progression of the body and long axis of the foot (7 degrees)

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18
Q

What is normal walking speed?

A

1.37 m/sec; best and most functional measure of individual’s walking ability

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19
Q

When does the hip posterior tilt?

A

0-10%, second half of stance, terminal swing

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20
Q

When does the hip anterior tilt?

A

during single limb support, initial and mid swing

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21
Q

What hip ROM in sagittal plane is needed for gait?

A

30 degrees of flexion and 10 degrees extension

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22
Q

Sagittal Plane Kinematics of the Hip during Gait

A

heel contact - flexed 30 degrees; extends during stance to 10 degrees before toe off, flexion initiated pre swing, toe off at 0 degrees, in the swing phase hip flexion to advance leg

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23
Q

What ROM in the sagittal plane is needed in the knee during gait?

A

extension to 60 degrees of flexion

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24
What is the knee flexed to at toe off?
35 degrees
25
When does max flexion of the knee occur during gait?
mid swing (concentric hamstring)
26
At heel contact, is the knee fully extended?
no, it is flexed 5 degrees, full extension just prior to heel contact
27
What ROM is needed at the ankle during gait?
10 degrees dorsiflexion and 20 degrees plantarflexion
28
Just after toe off, how far is the ankle plantarflexed?
15-20 degrees
29
During the swing phase, describe how the ankle moves.
ankle dorsiflexed then to neutral
30
How much extension is needed in the MTP from heel off to before toe off?
45-55 degrees
31
Summary of Sagittal Plane Heel Contact
joints aligned to reach forward, elongate LE to put foot flat on ground
32
Summary of Sagittal Plane After Heel Contact
knee flexion and ankle PF cushion loading for smooth weight acceptance
33
Summary of Sagittal Plane Mid-Stance
joints extend to support body weight and increase heigh to allow contralateral LE swing
34
Summary of Sagittal Plane Swing
leg shortens for clearance, reaches forward for heel contact
35
What ROM is needed in the hip in the frontal plane?
10-15 degrees
36
What occurs in the hip as weight is accepted on the right leg and slight drop occurs in left leg?
pelvic-on-femoral adduction in the right leg
37
When does the hip abduct?
between mid and terminal stance
38
What are three possible causes of deviations in the frontal plane kinematics of the hip?
weakness of hip abductors, decreased shortening of swing leg, leg length discrepancy
39
Frontal Plane Kinematics of the Knee
small amounts of angular movement, more apparent in individuals with abnormal alignment due to compartmental arthritis
40
Frontal Plane Kinematics at the Ankle
very small and irrelevant
41
Frontal Plane Kinematics at the Subtalar Joint
inverted 2-3 degrees at contact, everts to mid stance (max 2 degrees eversion reached), back toward inversion (neutral at heel off), inverted 6 degrees between heel and toe off, returns to slight inversion during swing prepare of heel contact
42
Frontal Plane Kinematics Summary of Hip
minimizes vertical displacement of center of mass
43
Frontal Plane Kinematics Summary of Pronation/Eversion
motion after heel contact acts in weight acceptance/flexible structure for ground contact
44
Frontal Plane Kinematics Summary of Inversion
between heel off and toe off for rigid foot structure for propulsion (causes supination of foot)
45
Horizontal Plane Kinematics ROM in Hip
3-4 degrees each way
46
What is the motion in the horizontal plane that occurs at the hip in order to advance the LE?
internal rotation
47
How much ER occurs at the knee at heel contact?
2-3 degrees
48
How much IR occurs at the knee at toe off?
5 degrees
49
Horizontal Plane Kinematics at the Foot/Ankle
irrelevant
50
What motion accompanies IR of the pelvis, femur, and tibia after heel contact to foot flat?
subtalar eversion (pronation)
51
During stance (15-20% beyond), the external rotation at the pelvis, femur, and tibia until toe off occurs with what motion at the subtalar and what does this allow?
supination/inversion; allows PF to work without collapsing under body weight
52
Decreased trunk motion could affect energy expenditure during gait how.
increase (10%)
53
Does decreasing speed of gait increase or decrease energy expenditure?
increase (increasing and decreasing speed both increase energy)
54
Hip Extensor During Gate
gluteus maximus eccentric during terminal swing, strong contraction during heel contact to prevent forward flexion of trunk, support body weight and extend hip during heel contact to mid stance (hamstrings only active in first 10%)
55
When are the hip flexors active during swing?
the first 50% of swing
56
Which muscles are most active with single leg support to control frontal plane deviation of the hip?
gluteus medius and minimus
57
When are the hip adductors active during gait?
heel contact (adductor magnus assists with extension), after toe off to assist with hip flexion
58
Which rotators are active during the stance phase?
IR - stance phase to rotate contralateral pelvis forward; ER - early stance to control alignment in horizontal plane and eccentric control of IR
59
When are the knee extensor most active during gait?
after heel contact to control knee flexion in first 10%
60
When are the knee flexors most active during gait?
hamstrings most active just before or just after heel contact
61
A weakness in this muscle could result in "foot slap."
tibialis anterior
62
When are the gastrocnemius and soleus most active during gait?
after heel off, active through stance phase
63
If the posterior tibialis was weak, what could result?
shin splints, decreased MLA, rapid pronation
64
When are the peroneals active during gait?
20-30% foot flat to mid stance to just after heel off, act with PF, act as pronator/evertor
65
Foot Intrinsics during Gait
stabilize MLA
66
When are the erector spinae active during gait?
slightly before heel contact to foot flat (20%, similar to glut. max. to prevent forward flexion of trunk); from 45-70% after heel off to after toe off
67
Ground Reaction Forces of 3 Axes
vertical - 120% BW; anterior-posterior - 20% BW; medial-lateral - 5% BW
68
When narrowing step width to walk on ice, which forces are we attempting to minimize?
medial-lateral ground reaction forces
69
Impairment: ankle plantar flexion contracture
compensations - knee hyperextension (mid stance), forward trunk lean (terminal stance)
70
Impairment: foot drop
compensation - excessive knee and hip flexion
71
Impairment: reduced knee flexion
compensation - vaulting
72
Impairment: weak quadriceps
compensation - forward trunk lean
73
Impairment: knee flexion contracture
compensation - exaggerated knee and hip flexion
74
Impairment: reduced knee flexion and/or lack of ankle dorsiflexion
compensation - hip circumduction
75
Walking is of least muscular effort. (T/F)
True
76
What is used to analyze gait in biomechanics labs?
synchronized cameras, force plates for ground reaction forces, EMG measures
77
What is defined as the stride?
period of foot contact to same foot contacting again
78
What is defined as a step?
events between heel contact of opposite foot
79
Stride is synonymous with gait cycle. (T/F)
True
80
When does the push off occur during the gait cycle?
40-60%
81
What is early swing?
toe off to mid swing, 60-75%
82
When does mid swing occur?
75-85%
83
When does late swing occur?
85-100%
84
How is the center of mass (CoM) related to speed?
slows down when support limb is in front of CoM, speeds up when support limb is behind CoM (falling away from support leg)
85
In the kinematics of gait, in what plane is most of the angular rotation occuring?
primarily in sagittal plane, motion also occurs in frontal and horizontal planes
86
When does the hip rotate counterclockwise during gait?
from heel contact to foot flat in the stance leg, rotation is slight
87
When does the hip rotate clockwise in gait?
from foot flat through rest of stance in stance leg
88
When do the pelvis, femur, and tibia start to externally rotate during gait?
15-20%
89
What motions reduce vertical displacement of CoM?
horizontal plane pelvic rotation, sagittal plane ankle rotation, stance phase knee flexion, frontal plane pelvic rotation
90
To minimize medial-lateral displacement of CoM, minimize step width. What is the primary motion contributing to this?
frontal plane hip motion
91
Which muscles function with the tibialis anterior to DF concentrically for foot clearance?
extensor digitorum and extensor hallucis longus
92
Describe the path of the center of pressure (CoP) during gait.
at heel contact it is just lateral to midpoint of the heel, moves to lateral midfoot at midstance and medial forefoot during heel to toe off
93
What torque is applied at the knee at the instant of weight application?
varus

Kinesiology (6 decks)

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