KINESIOLOGY - Foundation Flashcards
Preparation for foundation module exam.
Define: Kinesiology
Kinesiology is the study of mechanics and anatomy of human movement and their roles in promoting health and reducing disease.
Define: Biomechanics
Biomechanics is the study of the application of mechanics to biological systems
Both kinesiology and niomechanics are underpinned by?
2 things
Both are underpinned by
- Musculoskeletal Anatomy
- Neuromuscular Physiology
Define: Pure kinesiology
Pure kinesiology is evaluation of human movement
Define: Applied kinesiology
Applied kinesiology is specific progressions and regressions
The field of mechanics and be divided into which two categories?
The field of mechanics can be divided into
- Statics
- Dynamics
In the field of mechanics ( statics and dynamics) Dynamics is further subdivided into which two ?
Give an example of each also.
Kinematics & Kinetics
Kinematics – without reference to the forces acting on it.
Example: Air Squat – Planes and axes
Alignment of lower limb during the action
Angles created at: Ankle, Knee, Hip, etc
Kinetics – with reference to the forces acting on it. Example: Loaded Squat Bar weight, Internal & external force, Internal forces generated by muscles External forces All ‘LINEAR’ motion in the body is a result of ANGULAR contributions. Example: In the loaded squat the bar moves in a straight line vertically as a result of angular motion of the joints.
Describe the Anatomical Neutral Perspective
Palms facing forward
Head facing forward
Arms and legs shoulder width apart
Neutral posture
Describe the 3 planes of movement with movement examples for each?
- Frontal Plane - Abduction & adduction, lateral flexion, ulnar & radial deviation, eversion and inversion
- Sagittal Plane - Flexion & Extension, Dorsiflexion & Plantar flexion, Forward & back
- Frontal Plane - Abduction & adduction, lateral flexion, ulnar & radial deviation, eversion and inversion
- Transverse Plane- Internal (medial) rotation, external (lateral) rotation
Axis
Describe the tree axis of movement and which plane they move on
Frontal – moves on the sagittal plane
Sagittal - Frontal Axis
Longitudinal – moves on the transverse axis
What does a lever move around ?
A lever moves around a fulcrum
What are the 2 functions of a lever?
Levers have 2 functions
1: Mechanical advantage: overcoming a larger resistance than the force applied.
2. Speed: They increase the distance and the speed a resistance can be moved, through use of an effort greater than the resistance.
Describe the 3 types of lever with an example for each
Classification of levers:
1 Fulcrum in the middle – raising the head
2 Load in the middle – calf raise
3 effort in the middle – bicep curl
Majority of the body’s levers are which classification?
Majority of the body’s levers are 3rd class
Where is the effort arm (EA)?
Effort Arm (EA) – between the fulcrum and the effort point
Where is the resistance arm (RA) ?
Resistance Arm (RA) – between the fulcrum and the load.
What are the 4 ways to Manipulate Lever arms?
Manipulation of Lever arms
- Lengthen the resistance arm (RA)
- Shorten the resistance arm (RA)
- Adds weights at various points along the lever arm
- Alter the start position, to change the initial lever arm length
Describe the Wheel and Axle concept with an example
Wheel and Axle:
Overhead throws and tennis serves examples
The larger the diameter of the wheel the greater the magnification of force.
Small movement at the rotator cuff creates large power in throwing.
Give 2 examples of anatomical pulleys within the human body.
Pulleys:
Example1: The patella is an example of an ANATOMICAL PULLEY as it works over the knee joint.
Example 2: The peroneus longus that connects the fibular and cuboid and dorsi flexes the foot.
What is a force couple and give an example
Force couples:
Where movements facilitate one anothers intention.
Trapezius & serratus anterior
Hip flexor & back extensors
Contra-lateral oblique & internal oblique
Describe the kinetic chain theory,
Who created it & where the idea originated
Kinetic chain theory
Dr. A Steindler
Like links in a mechanical chain
What are the 2 types of kinetic chain movement and describe them woth an example
Kinetic chain
OKC) Open Kinetic Chain – Isolation exercises
(CKC) Closed Kinetic Chain – Squat (grounded
Describe Body Slings (muscle slings or Myofascial slings) and what are the 4 separate units?
Body Slings (muscle slings or Myofascial slings)
Muscles don’t work functionally as a separate unit but in units that displace and direct force to create an action.
Anterior Oblique Sling (AOS)
Posterior Oblique Sling (POS)
Lateral Sling (LS)
Deep Longitudinal Sling (DLS)
Contrast Anatomy Trains with body slings
Anatomy Trains are more focused on fascial connections as a concept of communication.
Muscle characteristics and describe each.
Excitability – stimulated by nerves.
Contractability – to Shorten
Extensibility – to lengthen
Elasticity – to return to original length and form without deformation
Muscles can be separated into 2 classifications one that supports stability the other movement name and describe them
Muscle terminology
Local – STABILITY High threshold aerobic type1
Global – MOVEMENT low threshold anaerobic type2
Explain torsion and detorsion
TORSION & DETORSION
TORSION – Forearm (muscles twist as they go through torsion)
Detorsion – Muscles unwind
Describe Prime & Assistance muscles.
PRIME and assistant muscles
Prime muscles (AGONIST) when contract have a greater rotary component
Assistance muscles (ANTAGONIST) has a greater ‘stabilizing’ component
Which 3 factors influencing muscle action?
Factors influencing muscle action:
ATTACHMENT CONFIGURATION OF ORIGIN & INSERTION NUMBER OF JOINTS CROSSED
Name the muscle contraction types?
Contraction types:
Concentric – shortening Eccentric- lengthening Isometric – equal length
What are the 4 standard muscle ranges ?
Muscle range (descriptions)
- Full Range- fully stretched and contracts to the limit of normal capacity
- Outer range – full stretch to mid point
- Inner range – mid point to full contraction
- Mid-Range – between two ranges (also mid-inner & mid-outer)
In motor learning, describe the 3 components to skill?
Motor Learning Skills
Skill
- Maximising the outcome certainty
- minimising the physical and mental energy costs
- minimising time used.
Define a motor skill
Motor skill
A skill that requires voluntary body or limb movements to achieve a goal e.g squat, pressup
Describe Co-ordination and the three integral parts
Co-ordination
Successful integration of -sensory -nervous and -musculoskeletal systems in controlling complex movements. Also underpins skilled action.
Skill can be broken into 2 categories, what are they?
You can split skill into two:
Motor skills
Cognitive skills
What are the 6 types of motor skill and examples of each ?
Motor skills
Describing all physical components of any particular skill.
- Fine motor ADLS/ writing high degree of precision
- Discrete motor Throwing one movement, simple
- Serial motor Changing gears a series of discrete movements
- Continuous motor Running repetitive movements
- Closed motor Penalty kick stable environment/ situation
- Open motor Playing tennis react to changing environment/ situation
Cognitive skills are described as what?
Cognitive skills
Cognitive skills are the core skills your brain uses to think, read, learn, remember, reason, and pay attention
Sensory input is a combination of which three components?
SENSORY INPUT: (Proprioception + Vision + Hearing)
What are the three stages of learning a skill?
Learning a skill 3 stages:
Cognitive stage - thinking Associative stage – good skill Autonomic stage – without thinking
What are the three types of practise ?
Types of practice:
Blocked- same distance sets reps (heel raises)
Random - game situation (circuit with different challenges)
Variable - (5/ 10/ 15m shoulder throws)
What are the three characteristics of gravity?
GRAVITY
3 unique characteristics:
- Constant – 9.81 mp/s
- One direction
- Acts upon one mass-particle
What are the two types of balance with an example?
BALANCE
STATIC BALANCE
YOGA/ DESK POSTURE
DYNAMIC BALANCE
SIDE STEP IN RUGBY / RUNNING
In balance how can perturbation assist rehabilitation?
PERTUBATION MAY ENCOURAGE A PATIENT TO CORRECT THEIR POSTURE IN ORDER TO ADOPT THE OPTIMUM POSITION (CORRECTING DYSFUNCTION)
Explain group action of muscles
“Muscles do not contract separately but work as functional groups, just as individual muscle fibres seldom contract independently”
What is an agonist
Agonist (prime mover & assistant movers)
What is an antagonist ? Give an example
Antagonist (relax to allow movement)
Plantar flexors calf raise Prime movers – Gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris Assistant movers – Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus Antagonists – Tibilis anterior, EHL,EDL
What is a synergist ?
Muscles are considered synergists when they cooperate during execution of movement
- Stabilisers/ Fixators
- Neutralisers
a. True
b. Helping - Force couples
Explain a stabilising muscle with an example
Stabilisers / fixators: Press-ups – Abs contract isometrically
Explain TRUE SYNERGY
True synergy- A muscle group that contracts to prevent the unwanted movement of a TWO JOINT MUSCLE.
Explain HELPING SYNERGY with an example
Helping synergy – two muscles that share a common action and have their own second action antagonistic to that of the other.
Both contract simultaneously and act together to produce the desired common action.
Shoulder lateral DB raise.anterior deltoid “flex” posterior deltoids “Extend” the shoulder
By NETRALISING their independent actions they assist the medial deltoid with abduction of the shoulder to overcome resistance.
Describe force couples
Force couples:
Producing force in the same direction or with the same intended movement.
Abdominals and glutes
Interaction of two or more muscles acting in different linear directions but producing a torque in the same direction
Two joint muscles have two types of action, describe them
CONCURRENT ACTION: simultaneous extension or flexion of the hip and knee.
COUNTERCURRENT ACTION: shortens rapidly at both ends, losing tension. Hip flexion with knee extension.
What is active insufficiency
Active insufficiency:
Muscle that crosses Two or more joints simultaneously moves at all joints it reaches a length where can no longer create useful force.
What is passive insufficiency
Passive insufficiency:
LIMITED BY THAT MUSCLES LENGTH rather than the arrangement of ligaments or structures of the joint.
MMA kick: Flexion of the hip, extension at the knee, but there is reduced hamstring length therefore PASSIVE INSUFFICIENCY.
Hamstrings are antagonists in Knee extension
Lombards paradox is explain by what?
LOMBARDS Paradox
Standing from sitting, both agonists and antagonists are contracting but results in standing due to the true effort arm for extension is stronger than that of the effort arm for flexion.
Mobility 《 - 》 Morbility
Functional Continuum
At what range would you experience mechanical & physiological disadvantages?
Mechanical - outer
Physiological - Inner
