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Kinesiology > Kinesiology A Terms - Part II > Flashcards

Kinesiology A Terms - Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells, common type of cell found in loose fascia

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2
Q

Alpha-smooth muscle actin

A

Filaments that allow for contractile ability (e.g., myofibroblasts)

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3
Q

Anatomy train

A

Myofascial meridian, a traceable continuum within the body of muscles embedded within fascial webbing

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4
Q

Anterior fontanel

A

Fontanel located anteriorly at juncture of the two parietal bones and frontal bone

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5
Q

Anterolateral fontanel

A

Fontanel located anterolaterally at juncture of parietal, frontal, temporal, and sphenoid bones (paired left and right)

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6
Q

Aponeurosis (pl. aponeuroses)

A

Type of dense, fibrous connective tissue that is broad and flat and connects a muscle to another structure

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7
Q

Areolar fascia

A

Loose fascia

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8
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Type of cartilage that lines the articular surfaces of a bone, made up of hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Articular surface

A

The joint surface, where that bones articulates with another bone

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10
Q

Bone marrow

A

A soft connective tissue that is found within the medullary cavity of long bones and the spaces of spongy bone (red and yellow bone marrow exist)

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11
Q

Bone spur

A

An abnormal increased calcium deposit, usually found at joint margins

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12
Q

Bony callus

A

Mass of bone that occurs during the process of bone fracture repair, unites the broken fragments together

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13
Q

Bursa (pl. bursae)

A

Sacs of synovial fluid, located between two structures that move along each other to reduce friction and degradation of these tissues

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14
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

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15
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone produced by the thyroid responsible for depositing calcium int to bones when the level of calcium in the bloodstream is abundant and bones need calcium

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16
Q

Callus

A

Name given to tissue that unites broken ends of a fractured bone

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17
Q

Canaliculus (pl. canaliculi)

A

Small canal in compact bone tissue that connects one lacuna to another lacuna

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18
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone

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19
Q

Cartilage

A

A type of connective tissue with a firm consistency, three types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic

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20
Q

Cell-to-cell web

A

Connection and attachment of the cells of the body to one another by means of the fascial web

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21
Q

Chondroblast

A

Type of cartilage cell that builds up cartilage tissue

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22
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Mature form of a chrondroblast that is fully surrounded by the matrix of cartilage tissue

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23
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Type of proteoglycan molecule found in organic ground substance matrix of various connective tissue, help keep tissues hydrated

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24
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Most abundant type of connective tissue fiber and found in most types of connective tissue

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25
Q

Compact bone

A

Type of bone tissue composed of a tightly packed structure of osteons

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26
Q

Connective tissue

A

A major classification of tissue type that includes diverse types of tissue with a connective function in the body

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27
Q

Contractility

A

The ability unique to muscular tissue to shorten

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28
Q

Cortex

A

A structure’s cortical (outer) portion/surface

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29
Q

Cortical surface

A

A structure’s outer surface

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30
Q

Creep

A

Gradual change in shape of a tissue when subjected to a force that is applied in a slow and sustained manner, may be temporary or permanent

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31
Q

Cytoplasmic processes

A

Cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes are located within canaliculi and connect with other osteocytes in other lacunae, osteocytes communicate with each other via these cytoplasmic processes

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32
Q

Deep fascia

A

Fibrous fascia, primarily made up of collagen fibers and tough fibrous material

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33
Q

Degenerative joint disease (DJD)

A

Osteoarthritis, a degenerative condition of the joints resulting in breakdown of articular cartilage and the presence of bone spurs on subchondral bone

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34
Q

Dense fascia

A

Another term for fibrous fascia

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35
Q

Diaphysis (pl. diaphyses)

A

Shaft of a long bone

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36
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Most elastic of the three types of cartilage tissue, contains a great number of elastin fibers

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37
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability of a tissue to return to its normal length after being stretched

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38
Q

Elastin fibers

A

Type of protein fiber that posses the property of being elastic and found in various connective tissue

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39
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Method of bone growth wherein a cartilage model ossifies (turns into bone)

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40
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane that lines the inner surface of a long bone within the medullary cavity

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41
Q

Epiphysical disc

A

Region of a long bone located between primary and secondary ossification centers where cartilage cell production is occurring, increasing the size and length of the bone (aka growth plate)

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42
Q

Epiphysial line

A

The remnant of the epiphysial disc that is still visible on a radiograph

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43
Q

epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)

A

Expanded end of a long bone

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44
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

General term to describe fibers and ground substance of fascial connective tissue

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45
Q

Extracellular-to-intracellular web

A

More intimate connection made by the fascial web where it connects the web that is present on the outside of cells to the internal cytoskeleton framework on the inside of cells

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46
Q

Fascia

A

Type of connective tissue that wrap around and bundles structures, two types: fibrous/dense and loose

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47
Q

Fascial net

A

Composed of the various fasciae of the body that interweave into one another to form a united, interconnected net or web

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48
Q

Fascial web

A

Composed of the various fasciae of the body that interweave into one another to form a unified, interconnected fascial net, or web

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49
Q

Fibroblast

A

A cell that creates the fibrin threads of collagen, found in many connective tissues

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50
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Toughest of the three types of cartilage tissue due to containing greater density of collagen fibers

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51
Q

Fibronectin molecules

A

Component of the extracellular-to-intracellular fascial web of the body, located in extracellular ground substance and attached to collagen fibers of the extracellular web and to integrin molecules that enter cells to be part of the intracellular web

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52
Q

Fibrous fascia

A

One of two main types of fascia, composed primarily of tough collagen fibers and generally denser than loose fascia

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53
Q

Flat bones

A

One of four major classifications of bones by shape, are broad and thin with either a flat or curved surface

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54
Q

Focal adhesion molecules

A

Component of the intracellular web of the body, located within the cell and attach to integrin molecules that traverse the membrane to connect to the extracellular web

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55
Q

Fontanel

A

Soft spot in an infant’s skull where the process of intramembranous ossificaton is not yet complete

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56
Q

Frontal fontanel

A

Synonym for anterior fontanel

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57
Q

Gel state

A

Used to describe a soft tissue of the body when it becomes firmer (more gel like)

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58
Q

Glucosamine

A

Type of proteoglycan molecule that is found in the organic ground substance matrix of various connective tissues, help keep a tissue hydrated by bonding to water

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59
Q

Ground substance

A

Connective tissue that is everything other than the cells and fibers

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60
Q

Growth plate

A

Synonym for epiphyseal disc, region where the cartilage model of a developing bone grows in size

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61
Q

Haversian canal

A

Synonym for osteonic canal, named after the man who first described its structure Clopton Havers

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62
Q

Hematoma

A

Localized mass of blood not located in a blood vessel present within the body, usually occurring after a trauma; considered the first step in the repair of body fracture

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63
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process wherein red bone marrow makes blood cells

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64
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Type of cartilage that usually caps the articular surfaces of the bones of synovial joints, most common type of cartilage tissue (aka articular cartilage)

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65
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals

A

Name given to the calcium-phosphate salts of bone tissue

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66
Q

Hysteresis

A

Describes the process wherein a tissue exhibits fluid loss and minute structural damage as a result of friction and heat buildup when it is worked excessively

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67
Q

Integrin molecules

A

Component of the extracellular-to-intracellular fascial web of the body

68
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Method of bone growth (flat bones) wherein a fibrous membrane ossifies (turns into bone)

69
Q

Irregular bones

A

One of four major classifications of bones by shape

70
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of the function of the musculoskeletal system

71
Q

Lacuna (pl. lacunae)

A

Small chamber that contains an osteocyte, located in concentric circles around the osteonic canals

72
Q

Langer’s lines

A

Lines drawn along the direction of the collagen fibers of the aponeurotic sheets of deep fascia

73
Q

Lever

A

Rigid bar that can move about its axis of motion as a result of a force applied to it

74
Q

Ligament

A

Dense, fibrous connective tissue structure that connects bone to bone

75
Q

Long bones

A

Bones that have a longitudinal axis, one of the four major classifications of bones by shape

76
Q

Loose fascia

A

Composed primarily of a looser ground substance with fewer fibers than fibrous fascia, one of the two main types of fascia

77
Q

Macrophanges

A

Phagocytic cells that engulf large substances, a common type of cell found in fascia

78
Q

Mast cells

A

Common type of cell found in fascia responsible for the secretion of histamine

79
Q

Mastoid fontanel

A

Synonym for posterolateral fontanel, fontanel located near the mastoid process of the temporal bone

80
Q

Matrix

A

A component of connective tissue that is everything other than the cells, often subdivided into two components: fibers and ground substance

81
Q

Medullary cavity

A

A tube-like cavity located within the diaphysis of a long bone

82
Q

Membrane

A

A thin sheet or layer of soft tissue

83
Q

Myofascial meridian

A

A traceable continuum within the body of muscles embedded within fascial webbing (aka anatomy train)

84
Q

Myofibroblast

A

Special cells located in fibrous fascia that form fibroblasts, are able to contract and tend to form in fascial tissues subjected to physical stress

85
Q

OA

A

Acronym for osteoarthritis

86
Q

Occipital fontanel

A

Synonym for posterior fontanel, named occipital due to location by the occipital bone

87
Q

Ossification center

A

Region of developing bone

88
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Pathologic condition of the joints that results in weakened articular cartilage, increased stress on the subchondral bone leading to the formation of bone spurs (aka degenerative joint disease or DJD)

89
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone cells responsible for building up bone tissue by secreting the matrix of bone tissue

90
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue by breaking down the matrix of bone tissue

91
Q

Osteocyte

A

An osteoblast once it is fully surrounded by the matrix of bone and lies within a lacuna

92
Q

Osteoid tissue

A

Gel-like organic component of bone tissue matrix minus the collagen fibers and composed of proteoglycan molecules

93
Q

Osteon

A

Cylindrically shaped structural unit of compact bone

94
Q

Osteonic canal

A

Canal located in the center of an osteon that contain blood vessels that provide nourishment for the osteocytes of compact bone

95
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Hormone produced by the parathyroid gland responsible for withdrawing calcium from bones and releasing it into the bloodstream

96
Q

Perichondrium

A

A thin, dense, fibrous membrane that covers cartilage

97
Q

Periosteum

A

Thin, dense, fibrous membrane that surrounds all surfaces of a bone, except for articular surfaces

98
Q

Periostitis

A

Condition in which the periosteum of a bone becomes inflamed

99
Q

Piezoelectric effect

A

Describes the fact that when pressure is placed on a tissue, a slight electric charge results in that tissue, important foundation for Wolff’s law

100
Q

Pasticity

A

Describes the ability of tissue to have its shape molded or altered and the tissue then retains that new shape

101
Q

Posterior fontanel

A

The fontanel located posteriorly at the juncture of the two parietal bones and the occipital bone (aka occipital fontanel)

102
Q

Posterolateral fontanel

A

The fontanel located posterolaterally at the juncture of the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones (paired left and right0

103
Q

Primary ossification center

A

The first center of bone growth that occurs within a cartilage model of endochondral ossification

104
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Class of large molecules found in many different connective tissues, purpose is to attract and hold water for tissue hydration

105
Q

Protomyofibroblast

A

A transition stage in the production of a fully mature myofibroblast from a fibroblast

106
Q

Radiograph

A

Correct term for what is commonly called an x-ray

107
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Soft connective tissue found inside bones that makes all types of blood cells via hematopoiesis

108
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Additional attachments attached to the patella from adjacent bone and soft tissues, help to reinforce the stability of the knee joint

109
Q

Retinaculum (pl. Retinacula)

A

Thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue that holds down tendons to prevent them from lifting away from the body as a result of bowstring force

110
Q

Round bones

A

Synonym for sesamoid bone, subset of irregular bones

111
Q

Secondary ossification centers

A

The second center of bone growth that occurs within a cartilage model during the process of endochondral ossification

112
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Bone shaped like a sesame seed (classified as irregular bones)

113
Q

Short bones

A

Bones that are short in length and approximately as wide as they are long, one of the four major classifications of bones by shape

114
Q

Sol state

A

Describes a soft tissue of the body when it becomes more liquid

115
Q

Sphenoid fontanel

A

Synonym for anterolateral fontanel, located by the sphenoid bone

116
Q

Spongy bone

A

One of the two different arrangements of bone tissue, named for its irregular spaces that give it the appearance of a sponge

117
Q

Sprain

A

A musculoskeletal soft tissue injury defined as tearing of a ligament or the fibrous capsule of a joint

118
Q

Strain

A

A musculoskeletal soft tissue injury defined as tearing of a muscle

119
Q

Subchondral bone

A

Bone under cartilage at joint surfaces

120
Q

Subcutaneous fascia

A

Another term for loose fascia

121
Q

Supernumerary bones

A

Bone that is considered to be in addition to the number of bones that a person usually has in the skeleton

122
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon

123
Q

Tendon

A

A type of dense, fibrous connective tissue that is round and cord-like in shape and connects a muscle to a bone

124
Q

Tendon sheath

A

A synovial fluid-filled sheath that envelops a tendon, functions to reduce friction between the tendon and adjacent structures that the tendon rubs against

125
Q

Tenosynovitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon sheath

126
Q

Tensile

A

A pulling force

127
Q

Tensile strength

A

A tissue’s ability to withstand a pulling force without injury or damage

128
Q

Thixotropy

A

The ability of a soft tissue of the body to change from a more rigid, solid state (or gel state) to a softer, more liquid state (or sol state)

129
Q

Trabecula (pl. trabeculae)

A

Bars and plates of bony tissue that form a latticework in spongy bone

130
Q

Viscoelasticity

A

Synonym for elasticity

131
Q

Viscoplasticity

A

Synonym for plasticity

132
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

A canal that connects the blood vessel from one osteonic canal to the blood vessel of an adjacent osteonic canal within compact bone tissue

133
Q

Weight bearing

A

Ability of a tissue to bear weight without injury or damage

134
Q

Wolff’s law

A

“Calcium is laid down in response to stress”

135
Q

Wormian bones

A

Supernumerary bones that are sometimes found in the suture joints between cranial bones of the skull

136
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Name given to fat when located within bones

137
Q

Angle

A

A corner of a bone

138
Q

Articular surface

A

The surface of a bone that articulates with another bone

139
Q

Body (re: bone landmark)

A

The main portion of a bone

140
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded bump found at the end of a long bone; usually part of a joint fitting into a fossa of an adjacent bone

141
Q

Crest

A

A moderately raised ridge of bone; often a site of a muscle attachment

142
Q

Eminence

A

A raised prominent area of a bone

143
Q

Epicondyle

A

A small bump found on a condyle; often a site of muscle attachment

144
Q

Facet

A

A smooth (usually flat) surface on a bone that forms a joint with another facet or flat surface of an adjacent bone

145
Q

Fissure

A

A cleft or crack-like hole in a bone that allows the passage of nerves and/or vessels

146
Q

Foramen (pl. foramina)

A

A hole within a bone that allows the passage of a nerve and/or vessel

147
Q

Fossa (pl. fossae)

A

A depression in a bone that often receives an articulating bone

148
Q

Groove

A

A narrow elongated depression within a bone, often containing a tendon, nerve, or vessel

149
Q

Head

A

The expanded rounded end (epiphysis) of a long bone; usually separated from the body of the bone by a neck

150
Q

Hiatus

A

An opening in a bone

151
Q

Impression

A

A shallow groove on a bone, often formed by a tendon, nerve, or vessel

152
Q

Line

A

A mildly raised ridge of bone (usually less than a crest); often a site of muscle attachment

153
Q

Lip

A

A raised lip-like structure that forms the border of a groove or opening

154
Q

Margin

A

The edge of a bone

155
Q

Meatus

A

A tubelike channel within a bone

156
Q

Neck

A

A narrowed portion of a bone that separates the head from the body of a bone

157
Q

Notch

A

A V-shaped or U-shaped depression in a bone

158
Q

Process

A

A projection of a bone; may be involved with an articulation or may be a site of muscle attachment

159
Q

Protuberance

A

A bump on a bone; often the site of muscle attachement

160
Q

Ramus (pl. rami)

A

A portion of bone that branches from the body of the bone

161
Q

Sinus (re: bony landmark)

A

A cavity within a bone

162
Q

Spine

A

A thorn-like, sharp, pointed process of a bone; often a site of muscle attachment

163
Q

Sulcus (pl. sulci)

A

A groove or elongated depression in a bone

164
Q

Trochanter

A

A large bump on a bone (larger than a tubercle/tuberosity); usually a site of muscle attachment

165
Q

Tubercle/tuberosity

A

A moderately sized bump on a bone; often a site of muscle attachment; a tubercle is usually considered to be smaller than a tuberosity

Kinesiology (7 decks)

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