Kinesiology A Terms - Part II Flashcards
Adipocytes
Fat cells, common type of cell found in loose fascia
Alpha-smooth muscle actin
Filaments that allow for contractile ability (e.g., myofibroblasts)
Anatomy train
Myofascial meridian, a traceable continuum within the body of muscles embedded within fascial webbing
Anterior fontanel
Fontanel located anteriorly at juncture of the two parietal bones and frontal bone
Anterolateral fontanel
Fontanel located anterolaterally at juncture of parietal, frontal, temporal, and sphenoid bones (paired left and right)
Aponeurosis (pl. aponeuroses)
Type of dense, fibrous connective tissue that is broad and flat and connects a muscle to another structure
Areolar fascia
Loose fascia
Articular cartilage
Type of cartilage that lines the articular surfaces of a bone, made up of hyaline cartilage
Articular surface
The joint surface, where that bones articulates with another bone
Bone marrow
A soft connective tissue that is found within the medullary cavity of long bones and the spaces of spongy bone (red and yellow bone marrow exist)
Bone spur
An abnormal increased calcium deposit, usually found at joint margins
Bony callus
Mass of bone that occurs during the process of bone fracture repair, unites the broken fragments together
Bursa (pl. bursae)
Sacs of synovial fluid, located between two structures that move along each other to reduce friction and degradation of these tissues
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Calcitonin
Hormone produced by the thyroid responsible for depositing calcium int to bones when the level of calcium in the bloodstream is abundant and bones need calcium
Callus
Name given to tissue that unites broken ends of a fractured bone
Canaliculus (pl. canaliculi)
Small canal in compact bone tissue that connects one lacuna to another lacuna
Cancellous bone
Spongy bone
Cartilage
A type of connective tissue with a firm consistency, three types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic
Cell-to-cell web
Connection and attachment of the cells of the body to one another by means of the fascial web
Chondroblast
Type of cartilage cell that builds up cartilage tissue
Chondrocyte
Mature form of a chrondroblast that is fully surrounded by the matrix of cartilage tissue
Chondroitin sulfate
Type of proteoglycan molecule found in organic ground substance matrix of various connective tissue, help keep tissues hydrated
Collagen fibers
Most abundant type of connective tissue fiber and found in most types of connective tissue
Compact bone
Type of bone tissue composed of a tightly packed structure of osteons
Connective tissue
A major classification of tissue type that includes diverse types of tissue with a connective function in the body
Contractility
The ability unique to muscular tissue to shorten
Cortex
A structure’s cortical (outer) portion/surface
Cortical surface
A structure’s outer surface
Creep
Gradual change in shape of a tissue when subjected to a force that is applied in a slow and sustained manner, may be temporary or permanent
Cytoplasmic processes
Cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes are located within canaliculi and connect with other osteocytes in other lacunae, osteocytes communicate with each other via these cytoplasmic processes
Deep fascia
Fibrous fascia, primarily made up of collagen fibers and tough fibrous material
Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
Osteoarthritis, a degenerative condition of the joints resulting in breakdown of articular cartilage and the presence of bone spurs on subchondral bone
Dense fascia
Another term for fibrous fascia
Diaphysis (pl. diaphyses)
Shaft of a long bone
Elastic cartilage
Most elastic of the three types of cartilage tissue, contains a great number of elastin fibers
Elasticity
Ability of a tissue to return to its normal length after being stretched
Elastin fibers
Type of protein fiber that posses the property of being elastic and found in various connective tissue
Endochondral ossification
Method of bone growth wherein a cartilage model ossifies (turns into bone)
Endosteum
Thin membrane that lines the inner surface of a long bone within the medullary cavity
Epiphysical disc
Region of a long bone located between primary and secondary ossification centers where cartilage cell production is occurring, increasing the size and length of the bone (aka growth plate)
Epiphysial line
The remnant of the epiphysial disc that is still visible on a radiograph
epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)
Expanded end of a long bone
Extracellular matrix
General term to describe fibers and ground substance of fascial connective tissue
Extracellular-to-intracellular web
More intimate connection made by the fascial web where it connects the web that is present on the outside of cells to the internal cytoskeleton framework on the inside of cells
Fascia
Type of connective tissue that wrap around and bundles structures, two types: fibrous/dense and loose
Fascial net
Composed of the various fasciae of the body that interweave into one another to form a united, interconnected net or web
Fascial web
Composed of the various fasciae of the body that interweave into one another to form a unified, interconnected fascial net, or web
Fibroblast
A cell that creates the fibrin threads of collagen, found in many connective tissues
Fibrocartilage
Toughest of the three types of cartilage tissue due to containing greater density of collagen fibers
Fibronectin molecules
Component of the extracellular-to-intracellular fascial web of the body, located in extracellular ground substance and attached to collagen fibers of the extracellular web and to integrin molecules that enter cells to be part of the intracellular web
Fibrous fascia
One of two main types of fascia, composed primarily of tough collagen fibers and generally denser than loose fascia
Flat bones
One of four major classifications of bones by shape, are broad and thin with either a flat or curved surface
Focal adhesion molecules
Component of the intracellular web of the body, located within the cell and attach to integrin molecules that traverse the membrane to connect to the extracellular web
Fontanel
Soft spot in an infant’s skull where the process of intramembranous ossificaton is not yet complete
Frontal fontanel
Synonym for anterior fontanel
Gel state
Used to describe a soft tissue of the body when it becomes firmer (more gel like)
Glucosamine
Type of proteoglycan molecule that is found in the organic ground substance matrix of various connective tissues, help keep a tissue hydrated by bonding to water
Ground substance
Connective tissue that is everything other than the cells and fibers
Growth plate
Synonym for epiphyseal disc, region where the cartilage model of a developing bone grows in size
Haversian canal
Synonym for osteonic canal, named after the man who first described its structure Clopton Havers
Hematoma
Localized mass of blood not located in a blood vessel present within the body, usually occurring after a trauma; considered the first step in the repair of body fracture
Hematopoiesis
Process wherein red bone marrow makes blood cells
Hyaline cartilage
Type of cartilage that usually caps the articular surfaces of the bones of synovial joints, most common type of cartilage tissue (aka articular cartilage)
Hydroxyapatite crystals
Name given to the calcium-phosphate salts of bone tissue
Hysteresis
Describes the process wherein a tissue exhibits fluid loss and minute structural damage as a result of friction and heat buildup when it is worked excessively
Integrin molecules
Component of the extracellular-to-intracellular fascial web of the body
Intramembranous ossification
Method of bone growth (flat bones) wherein a fibrous membrane ossifies (turns into bone)
Irregular bones
One of four major classifications of bones by shape
Kinesiology
Study of the function of the musculoskeletal system
Lacuna (pl. lacunae)
Small chamber that contains an osteocyte, located in concentric circles around the osteonic canals
Langer’s lines
Lines drawn along the direction of the collagen fibers of the aponeurotic sheets of deep fascia
Lever
Rigid bar that can move about its axis of motion as a result of a force applied to it
Ligament
Dense, fibrous connective tissue structure that connects bone to bone
Long bones
Bones that have a longitudinal axis, one of the four major classifications of bones by shape
Loose fascia
Composed primarily of a looser ground substance with fewer fibers than fibrous fascia, one of the two main types of fascia
Macrophanges
Phagocytic cells that engulf large substances, a common type of cell found in fascia
Mast cells
Common type of cell found in fascia responsible for the secretion of histamine
Mastoid fontanel
Synonym for posterolateral fontanel, fontanel located near the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Matrix
A component of connective tissue that is everything other than the cells, often subdivided into two components: fibers and ground substance
Medullary cavity
A tube-like cavity located within the diaphysis of a long bone
Membrane
A thin sheet or layer of soft tissue
Myofascial meridian
A traceable continuum within the body of muscles embedded within fascial webbing (aka anatomy train)
Myofibroblast
Special cells located in fibrous fascia that form fibroblasts, are able to contract and tend to form in fascial tissues subjected to physical stress
OA
Acronym for osteoarthritis
Occipital fontanel
Synonym for posterior fontanel, named occipital due to location by the occipital bone
Ossification center
Region of developing bone
Osteoarthritis
Pathologic condition of the joints that results in weakened articular cartilage, increased stress on the subchondral bone leading to the formation of bone spurs (aka degenerative joint disease or DJD)
Osteoblast
Bone cells responsible for building up bone tissue by secreting the matrix of bone tissue
Osteoclast
Bone cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue by breaking down the matrix of bone tissue
Osteocyte
An osteoblast once it is fully surrounded by the matrix of bone and lies within a lacuna
Osteoid tissue
Gel-like organic component of bone tissue matrix minus the collagen fibers and composed of proteoglycan molecules
Osteon
Cylindrically shaped structural unit of compact bone
Osteonic canal
Canal located in the center of an osteon that contain blood vessels that provide nourishment for the osteocytes of compact bone
Parathyroid hormone
Hormone produced by the parathyroid gland responsible for withdrawing calcium from bones and releasing it into the bloodstream
Perichondrium
A thin, dense, fibrous membrane that covers cartilage
Periosteum
Thin, dense, fibrous membrane that surrounds all surfaces of a bone, except for articular surfaces
Periostitis
Condition in which the periosteum of a bone becomes inflamed
Piezoelectric effect
Describes the fact that when pressure is placed on a tissue, a slight electric charge results in that tissue, important foundation for Wolff’s law
Pasticity
Describes the ability of tissue to have its shape molded or altered and the tissue then retains that new shape
Posterior fontanel
The fontanel located posteriorly at the juncture of the two parietal bones and the occipital bone (aka occipital fontanel)
Posterolateral fontanel
The fontanel located posterolaterally at the juncture of the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones (paired left and right0
Primary ossification center
The first center of bone growth that occurs within a cartilage model of endochondral ossification
Proteoglycans
Class of large molecules found in many different connective tissues, purpose is to attract and hold water for tissue hydration
Protomyofibroblast
A transition stage in the production of a fully mature myofibroblast from a fibroblast
Radiograph
Correct term for what is commonly called an x-ray
Red bone marrow
Soft connective tissue found inside bones that makes all types of blood cells via hematopoiesis
Reticular fibers
Additional attachments attached to the patella from adjacent bone and soft tissues, help to reinforce the stability of the knee joint
Retinaculum (pl. Retinacula)
Thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue that holds down tendons to prevent them from lifting away from the body as a result of bowstring force
Round bones
Synonym for sesamoid bone, subset of irregular bones
Secondary ossification centers
The second center of bone growth that occurs within a cartilage model during the process of endochondral ossification
Sesamoid bones
Bone shaped like a sesame seed (classified as irregular bones)
Short bones
Bones that are short in length and approximately as wide as they are long, one of the four major classifications of bones by shape
Sol state
Describes a soft tissue of the body when it becomes more liquid
Sphenoid fontanel
Synonym for anterolateral fontanel, located by the sphenoid bone
Spongy bone
One of the two different arrangements of bone tissue, named for its irregular spaces that give it the appearance of a sponge
Sprain
A musculoskeletal soft tissue injury defined as tearing of a ligament or the fibrous capsule of a joint
Strain
A musculoskeletal soft tissue injury defined as tearing of a muscle
Subchondral bone
Bone under cartilage at joint surfaces
Subcutaneous fascia
Another term for loose fascia
Supernumerary bones
Bone that is considered to be in addition to the number of bones that a person usually has in the skeleton
Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon
Tendon
A type of dense, fibrous connective tissue that is round and cord-like in shape and connects a muscle to a bone
Tendon sheath
A synovial fluid-filled sheath that envelops a tendon, functions to reduce friction between the tendon and adjacent structures that the tendon rubs against
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of a tendon sheath
Tensile
A pulling force
Tensile strength
A tissue’s ability to withstand a pulling force without injury or damage
Thixotropy
The ability of a soft tissue of the body to change from a more rigid, solid state (or gel state) to a softer, more liquid state (or sol state)
Trabecula (pl. trabeculae)
Bars and plates of bony tissue that form a latticework in spongy bone
Viscoelasticity
Synonym for elasticity
Viscoplasticity
Synonym for plasticity
Volkmann’s canal
A canal that connects the blood vessel from one osteonic canal to the blood vessel of an adjacent osteonic canal within compact bone tissue
Weight bearing
Ability of a tissue to bear weight without injury or damage
Wolff’s law
“Calcium is laid down in response to stress”
Wormian bones
Supernumerary bones that are sometimes found in the suture joints between cranial bones of the skull
Yellow bone marrow
Name given to fat when located within bones
Angle
A corner of a bone
Articular surface
The surface of a bone that articulates with another bone
Body (re: bone landmark)
The main portion of a bone
Condyle
Rounded bump found at the end of a long bone; usually part of a joint fitting into a fossa of an adjacent bone
Crest
A moderately raised ridge of bone; often a site of a muscle attachment
Eminence
A raised prominent area of a bone
Epicondyle
A small bump found on a condyle; often a site of muscle attachment
Facet
A smooth (usually flat) surface on a bone that forms a joint with another facet or flat surface of an adjacent bone
Fissure
A cleft or crack-like hole in a bone that allows the passage of nerves and/or vessels
Foramen (pl. foramina)
A hole within a bone that allows the passage of a nerve and/or vessel
Fossa (pl. fossae)
A depression in a bone that often receives an articulating bone
Groove
A narrow elongated depression within a bone, often containing a tendon, nerve, or vessel
Head
The expanded rounded end (epiphysis) of a long bone; usually separated from the body of the bone by a neck
Hiatus
An opening in a bone
Impression
A shallow groove on a bone, often formed by a tendon, nerve, or vessel
Line
A mildly raised ridge of bone (usually less than a crest); often a site of muscle attachment
Lip
A raised lip-like structure that forms the border of a groove or opening
Margin
The edge of a bone
Meatus
A tubelike channel within a bone
Neck
A narrowed portion of a bone that separates the head from the body of a bone
Notch
A V-shaped or U-shaped depression in a bone
Process
A projection of a bone; may be involved with an articulation or may be a site of muscle attachment
Protuberance
A bump on a bone; often the site of muscle attachement
Ramus (pl. rami)
A portion of bone that branches from the body of the bone
Sinus (re: bony landmark)
A cavity within a bone
Spine
A thorn-like, sharp, pointed process of a bone; often a site of muscle attachment
Sulcus (pl. sulci)
A groove or elongated depression in a bone
Trochanter
A large bump on a bone (larger than a tubercle/tuberosity); usually a site of muscle attachment
Tubercle/tuberosity
A moderately sized bump on a bone; often a site of muscle attachment; a tubercle is usually considered to be smaller than a tuberosity
