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Kinesiology > Kinesiology > Flashcards

Kinesiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a spurt muscle

A

Insertion is closer to the joint than the origin, muscle force mainly acts to rotate the bone
E.g. biceps in elbow flexion

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2
Q

What is a shunt muscle

A

Origin is closer to the joint than the insertion, muscle force is directed along the bone
E.g. brachiordialis

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3
Q

What is active insufficiency

A

Occurs when a muscle is unable to produce optimal force because it is either too short or too stretched. This situation happens when a muscle is at its shortest length (contracted) across all the joints it spans.

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4
Q

What is passive insufficiency

A

Occurs when a muscle is unable to lengthen enough to allow for full range of motion in the joint it spans because it is already stretched to its max length. This situation occurs when an antagonist muscle ( the muscle that performs the opposite action of the target muscle) is too stretched to allow full movement of the joint.

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5
Q

what are the four sections (curves) of the spine

A

Cervical (C1-C7), thoracic (Th1-Th12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacral (sacrum and coccyx)

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6
Q

What is a kyphotic spine

A

“Hunch back”, the thoracic curve of the spine is more eggadurated

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7
Q

What is lordosis of the spine

A

When the lumbar curve of the spine is curves inwards, like sticking your bum out

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8
Q

Features of the cervical region

A

Contain smaller more mobile vertebrae, two extra transverse foramina contain vertebral artery and vein.
The atlas (C1) support the head and forms the Atlanto-occipital joint which allows head movement.
The atlas also forms the atlanto - axial joint with the axis (C2).

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9
Q

Features of the thoracic region

A

More restricted due to ribs, articulate with ribs.
Bigger than cervicals, increased weight bearing function

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10
Q

Features of the lumbar region

A

Largest and strongest
Major role in weight bearing

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11
Q

Features of the sacral region

A

Fused and transmit weight from body to pelvis and legs

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12
Q

What are the muscles responsible for lumbar flexion

A

Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, psoas major, iliacus
LOOK AND IDENTIFY

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13
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

Flat muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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14
Q

How is the diaphragm used in breathing

A

Inhalation - it contracts, enlarging thoracic cavity which created suction that draws air into the lungs.
Diaphragm relaxes, air is exhaled by elastic recoil of the lungs and the tissues lining the thoracic cavity.

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15
Q

What is structural postural deviation

A

Fixed in nature, generally due o bony deformities as a result of congenital or pathological processes

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16
Q

What is functional postural deviation

A

Due to poor posture, pain, muscle imbalances and injury
Muscle imbalances - due to a group of tightened muscles which pull on the joints in the body and result in their opposing muscles becoming weak and lengthened

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17
Q

What is upper cross syndrome

A

A pattern of muscle imbalances in the upper body that involves tightness in certain muscles and weakness in others. It is called a cross syndrome because the tight and weak muscles from a pattern that resembles an x when viewed from the side

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18
Q

What is lower cross syndrome

A

A pattern of muscle imbalances in the lower body that involves tightness in certain muscles and weakness in others. The tight and weak muscles form a pattern that resembles an x when viewing from the side.

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19
Q

What are the viscoelastic properties of biological materials

A

Elasticity, viscosity, stress-relaxation, creep, hysteresis

20
Q

As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is elasticity

A

Refers to the ability of a material to return to its original shape after a force is applied and then removed, biological tissues such as tendons and ligaments have elastic fibres

21
Q

As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is viscosity

A

Refers to a materials resistance to flow or deformation, in biological tissues viscosity is relates to the presence of fluids within the tissue such as in cartilage and synovial fluid in joints.
Viscous properties can provide damping and shock absorption during movement.

22
Q

As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is stress-relaxation

A

Occurs when a constant strain is applied to a material and the stress required to maintain that strain decreases over time, in biological tissues, this property can help reduce stress on the tissue when holding a stretch or load over an extended period

23
Q

As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is creep

A

The gradual increase in strain over time when a constant stress is applied, biological materials can exhibit creep, meaning they stretch further under sustained loads

24
Q

As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is hysteresis

A

Refers to the difference in energy absorbed and released by a material during loading and unloading, when biological tissues are loaded, there is often a lag between the two, and some energy is lost as heat.
This property can be observed when stretching a muscle and then releasing it, the muscle may not immediately return to its exact original length.

25
Q

What are the advantages of electromyography

A

Detailed muscle activity information - EMG provides a direct measure of muscle activity by recording the electrical signals generated during muscle contraction, offers insight into the timing, intensity and duration of muscle activation

Diagnosis and assessment - EMG can help diagnose neuromuscular disorders such as muscular dystrophy, myopathy, and neuropathy, can assess nerve function and identify nerve damage or compression

Research and clinical applications - EMG is used in research to study muscle function, movement patterns, and the effects of interventions such as exercise or therapy, clinically, EMG can guid treatment plans and monitor progress in rehab

Biofeedback - EMG biofeedback is used in therapy to help patients learn to control specific muscles or muscle groups, aiding in recovery and rehab

Portable and versatile - modern EMG devices can be portable and used in various settings, including clinical, research, and field environments

26
Q

What are the disadvantages of electromyography

A

Invasiveness - surface EMG is non-invasive, but intramuscular EMG can be invasive and cause discomfort to the patient

signal interpretation - EMG signals can be complex and influenced by various factors, such as electrode placement, muscle fatigue, and external interference. Interpretation of EMG data requires expertise and understanding of the underlying biomechanics and physiology

Limited scope - EMG measures muscle activity but does not directly provide info on muscle force, joint motion, or overall function. It may need to be combined with other assessments such as kinematic and kinetics for a more comprehensive analysis

Skin impedance - for surface EMG, variations in skin impedance due to factors such as sweat, oil, and hair can affect the quality and reliability of the signal.

Time consuming and costly

27
Q

Advantages of isokinetic dynamometry

A

Comprehensive information
Isolate limb and stabilise adjacent segments
Activate largest number of motor units and overload at their force output capacities during movement even at the relatively weaker joint angles
Rehab application - patient can reduce the effort at this point yet exercise the joint system in the other non painful regions, furthermore the patient can simply stop in the mussel of an exercise without having to worry about controlling the load
Concentric and eccentric contractions
Adjust speed of movement
Safe, minimal risk of injury

28
Q

Disadvantages of isokinetic dynamometry

A

Initial acceleration - Biodex (applies arbitrary braking torque to prevent velocity overshoot, other machines use different methods)
Velocity significantly influences results
Not sport specific - training effects not always transferable, sports rarely at constant velocity
Max. Angular velocity quite low
Cost implications and availability

29
Q

Explain how the muscle contracts using the contractile and elastic components

A
  • as we generate tension, muscle becomes shorter, some tissue will be stretched, when tissue is stretched, elastic energy is stored within this tissue e.g. connective tissue
  • additional structures e.g. tendons, acts as a mean of transferring tension - transmits tension produced by contractile components
  • muscle inserted, muscle contracts, tendon inserted acts as a transmitter, transferring tension from the muscle
30
Q

What are the components of hills mechanical model and what does the model allow us to do

A

Contractile components - e.g. actin and myosin from cross bridges, generate active tension
Elastic components - generate passive tension (resist lengthening, contribute passively to produce a higher muscular force)
1. Parallel elastic components - e.g. connective tissue, store elastic energy when stretched, released when muscle recoils
2. Series elastic components - e.g. tendons, transmit tension produced by contractile components to attachment of muscle

Hills allows us to understand where the overall tension of a muscle comes from

31
Q

What are the two sources of overall tension and how do you calculate it

A

Total sum of tension = active x passive force
Active - outcome of sliding filament theory
Passive - tissue stretched and energy produced has the potential to return to the system

32
Q

What happens when the muscle is shortened and you try to generate force

A

Sliding filaments are overlapping - generates more force than lengthened muscle
Around 50 percent tension

33
Q

What happens when muscle is lengthened and you try to generate force

A

Sliding filaments are far apart - generates less tension

34
Q

When does the muscle generate the maximum contractile force

A

At its resting length
The rise and fall of active tension occurs due to the varying degrees of cross bridge overlap

35
Q

What is a first class lever

A

Fulcrum is between muscle force (effort) and resistance arm
Draw out an example

36
Q

What is a second class lever

A

Resistance is between the fulcrum and the muscle force (effort) arm
I.e the resistance is closer to the joint than the muscle force
Draw out an example

37
Q

What is a third class lever

A

The force (effort) is between the fulcrum and the resistance
I.e muscle force is closer to the joint than the resistance
Draw out an example

38
Q

What is torque

A

Measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate around an axis or pivot point
Forces that have the tendency to produce rotation

39
Q

What happens when the force is further away from the fulcrum

A

The further away it is, the longer the distance between the object and axis of rotation

40
Q

What is mechanical advantage of a lever and how do you calculate it

A

A measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, in this case a lever. The mechanical advantage of a lever is the effort arm divided by the resistance arm

41
Q

Are the effort arm and resistance arm always equal, explain cases where they are not

A

No, in cases where effort arm is more than the resistance arm, mechanical advantage is efficient, when ratio (MA) is more than 1
This means mechanical advantage is positive

In cases where resistance arm is more than the effort arm, mechanical advantage is not very efficient (mostly what happens in the human body), when ratio (MA) is less than one
The mechanical advantage is negative

42
Q

In the cases where MA is more than one, what does this mean

A

It is a lot easier to move an object and mechanical advantage is positive, where effort arm is longer than resistance arm

43
Q

In cases where MA is less than one, what does this mean

A

High speed, when effort lever is very short, we need to generate more force in order to move the segment, but segment can move very fast, MA is negative

44
Q

Explain the force velocity relationship in concentric actions (muscle shortening)

A
  • the formation of cross bridges are effected when something happens really fast, less cross bridges will be formed = less tension created
  • the faster we perform a task, less tension created
  • as shortening velocity increases, cycling rate of cross bridges increases so fewer attached at any one time, thus decreasing force
  • velocity is increased at the expense of a decrease in force
  • maximum force generated at velocity =0 (large number of cross bridges attached)
  • maximum velocity contraction with lightest load
  • increased velocity of muscle contraction = increased cross bridge demand = fewer cross bridges to attach to = decrease in force
    Power (force x velocity) is critical
  • force becomes maximal in isometric contractions
45
Q

Explain the force velocity relationship in eccentric contractions (muscle lengthening)

A
  • the formation of cross bridges are effected when something happens really fast, less cross bridges will be formed = less tension created
  • the faster we perform a task, less tension created
  • as velocity increases - the force we can generate also increases
  • eccentric action created = load by antagonist muscles, gravity or another external load
  • external load is more than the isometric strength applied - eccentric lengthening of muscle
  • increase velocity of lengthening increases = increase in force
  • muscle is stretching as it contracts
  • end abruptly when muscle can no longer control the movement of the load.

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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