Kinesiology Flashcards
What is a spurt muscle
Insertion is closer to the joint than the origin, muscle force mainly acts to rotate the bone
E.g. biceps in elbow flexion
What is a shunt muscle
Origin is closer to the joint than the insertion, muscle force is directed along the bone
E.g. brachiordialis
What is active insufficiency
Occurs when a muscle is unable to produce optimal force because it is either too short or too stretched. This situation happens when a muscle is at its shortest length (contracted) across all the joints it spans.
What is passive insufficiency
Occurs when a muscle is unable to lengthen enough to allow for full range of motion in the joint it spans because it is already stretched to its max length. This situation occurs when an antagonist muscle ( the muscle that performs the opposite action of the target muscle) is too stretched to allow full movement of the joint.
what are the four sections (curves) of the spine
Cervical (C1-C7), thoracic (Th1-Th12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacral (sacrum and coccyx)
What is a kyphotic spine
“Hunch back”, the thoracic curve of the spine is more eggadurated
What is lordosis of the spine
When the lumbar curve of the spine is curves inwards, like sticking your bum out
Features of the cervical region
Contain smaller more mobile vertebrae, two extra transverse foramina contain vertebral artery and vein.
The atlas (C1) support the head and forms the Atlanto-occipital joint which allows head movement.
The atlas also forms the atlanto - axial joint with the axis (C2).
Features of the thoracic region
More restricted due to ribs, articulate with ribs.
Bigger than cervicals, increased weight bearing function
Features of the lumbar region
Largest and strongest
Major role in weight bearing
Features of the sacral region
Fused and transmit weight from body to pelvis and legs
What are the muscles responsible for lumbar flexion
Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, psoas major, iliacus
LOOK AND IDENTIFY
What is the diaphragm
Flat muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
How is the diaphragm used in breathing
Inhalation - it contracts, enlarging thoracic cavity which created suction that draws air into the lungs.
Diaphragm relaxes, air is exhaled by elastic recoil of the lungs and the tissues lining the thoracic cavity.
What is structural postural deviation
Fixed in nature, generally due o bony deformities as a result of congenital or pathological processes
What is functional postural deviation
Due to poor posture, pain, muscle imbalances and injury
Muscle imbalances - due to a group of tightened muscles which pull on the joints in the body and result in their opposing muscles becoming weak and lengthened
What is upper cross syndrome
A pattern of muscle imbalances in the upper body that involves tightness in certain muscles and weakness in others. It is called a cross syndrome because the tight and weak muscles from a pattern that resembles an x when viewed from the side
What is lower cross syndrome
A pattern of muscle imbalances in the lower body that involves tightness in certain muscles and weakness in others. The tight and weak muscles form a pattern that resembles an x when viewing from the side.
What are the viscoelastic properties of biological materials
Elasticity, viscosity, stress-relaxation, creep, hysteresis
As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is elasticity
Refers to the ability of a material to return to its original shape after a force is applied and then removed, biological tissues such as tendons and ligaments have elastic fibres
As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is viscosity
Refers to a materials resistance to flow or deformation, in biological tissues viscosity is relates to the presence of fluids within the tissue such as in cartilage and synovial fluid in joints.
Viscous properties can provide damping and shock absorption during movement.
As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is stress-relaxation
Occurs when a constant strain is applied to a material and the stress required to maintain that strain decreases over time, in biological tissues, this property can help reduce stress on the tissue when holding a stretch or load over an extended period
As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is creep
The gradual increase in strain over time when a constant stress is applied, biological materials can exhibit creep, meaning they stretch further under sustained loads
As a viscoelastic property of biological materials - what is hysteresis
Refers to the difference in energy absorbed and released by a material during loading and unloading, when biological tissues are loaded, there is often a lag between the two, and some energy is lost as heat.
This property can be observed when stretching a muscle and then releasing it, the muscle may not immediately return to its exact original length.