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Kinesiology > Anatomy Features > Flashcards

Anatomy Features Flashcards

1
Q

What is part of the axial skeleton

A

Skull, spinal column, thorax(ribs and sternum)

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton protect

A

Brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs

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3
Q

What are the different speeds of the axial and appendicular skeleton

A

Axial is slower, appendicular is faster moving

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4
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

Extremities(limbs), shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

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5
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton do

A

Crucial role in movement, attachment points for muscles that enable movement of the limbs

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6
Q

What is the difference between flexion and extension

A

Flexion - shortens muscle and decreases angle between two limbs at a joint, bending movement
Extension - lengthening muscles and increasing angle

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7
Q

Which is anatomical and which is fundamental position

A

Anatomical - palms facing forward (like you are about to fly)
Fundamental - arms relaxed and places by your side

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8
Q

What is the difference between abduction and adduction

A

Abduction- movement away from midline
Adduction- movement toward midline

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9
Q

What is medial/internal rotation

A

Anterior surface moves toward midline, posterior surface moves away from midline

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10
Q

What is lateral/external rotation

A

Posterior surface moves toward midline, anterior surface moves away from midline.

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11
Q

What are the six specialised movements of the scapula

A

Elevation, depression, adduction(retraction), abduction(protraction), upward rotation, downward rotation(return to anatomical position)

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12
Q

horizontal adduction and abduction

A

Adduction - combination of flexion and internal rotation of arm or thigh across body to midline, horizontal to ground
Abduction - combination of extension and external rotation of arm or thigh away from midline, horizontal to ground

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13
Q

Pronation and supination

A

Pronation - ankle moves inwards, foot moves outwards
Supination - ankle rolls outwards, foot moves inwards

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14
Q

Plantar flexion and Dorsiflexion

A

Plantar - foot moves down, increase in angle between foot and leg
Dorsi - foot moves up, decrease in angle between foot and leg

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15
Q

What kind of joint is the Glenohumeral joint/shoulder joint

A

Ball and socket joint, enarthrodial

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16
Q

Describe the scapulohumeral rhythm (kinematic interaction between the scapula and the humerus)

A

Arm movements are accompanied with the movements of the shoulder girdle.
(30 degree arm abduction plus 60 degree arm flexion results in minimal shoulder girdle movement)

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17
Q

What is the glenoid fossa

A

Shallow, covers only 25% of numeral head at any time, largest range of motion (look on complete anatomy - find it)

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18
Q

What is a long bone

A

Long cylindrical shaft, relatively wide protruding ends, central area of shaft contains marrow

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19
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Tibia, humerus, femur

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20
Q

What is a flat bone

A

Usually have curved surface vary from thick to thin, protective and offer large areas for muscle attachments

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21
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Scapula, sternum, ilium

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22
Q

What is a short bone

A

Small, cubical shaped, solid bones, similar in length, breadth and thickness, often articulate with less more then one bone

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23
Q

Examples of short bones

A

Carpals, tarsals, metatarsals

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24
Q

What is an irregular bone

A

They have specialised shapes and functions

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25
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae, pubis, ischium

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26
Q

What is a sesamoid bone

A

Small bones embedded within tendon where pressure develops, provide protection for tendon, change angle of insertion of muscle and improve mechanical advantage

27
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones

A

Patella, in flexor tendons of big toe and thumb

28
Q

Structure of a long bone - diaphysis

A

Shaft/long portion of the bone

29
Q

Structure of a long bone - epiphysis

A

Round end of the bone - both proximal and distal ends

30
Q

Structure of a long bone - periosteum

A

The outer surface of a bone, lined by a thin layer of connective tissue

31
Q

Structure of a long bone - endosteum

A

Thin layer of connective tissue that lines the walls of the medullary cavities

32
Q

What is the remodelling of a bone

A

The replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue. Compact bone is formed by the transformation of spongy bone

33
Q

What does Wolffs law state and explain the effect of exercise on bone tissue

A

Bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads it is placed under.
If increased loading, bone remodels over time, increased bone deposition and increased strength to resist the load.

34
Q

What is the mechanical axis of the femur

A

The line connecting the centre of the femoral head with the centre of the knee joint - almost vertical
Shaft of femur acts medially
Places the centre of the knee joint nearly under the centre of motion of the hip joint
Angle varies with age and gender
Determines the effectiveness of the hip abductors, the length of the limb, and the forces imposed on the hip joint
HAVE A LOOK AT PICTURES

35
Q

What is the angle of anteversion

A

Angle of femoral head and neck in the transverse plane
Normal = femoral neck rotated anteriorly 12 to 14 degrees wrt femur
More than 14 degrees anterior side - anti version
If angle moves posteriorly = retro version
HAVE A LOOK AT PICTURES

36
Q

What is the patella

A

Sesamoid bone embedded in quadriceps and patellar tendon

37
Q

What is the main function of the patella

A

Creates improved angle of pull resulting in greater mechanical advantage of quads during knee extension

38
Q

What happens when you wear high heeled shoes

A
  • weight is shifted toward the ball of your foot which could cause pain in the ball of your foot as well as cramping and fatigue
  • postural in correction: to compensate for your shifted weight, you may arch your back and tilt your head forward. This might cause pain in your lower back, neck and shoulders
  • high heels can shorten your calf muscles over time, therefore, it can make it difficult to walk in flat shoes
  • risk of injury: due to the instability caused by high heels, there is an increase in the risk of ankle sprains and falls
  • foot deformities: it could cause bunions and hammertoes
  • increased pressure - this increased pressure can affect the talus bone as it absorbs a significant portion of the body’s weight, increased pressure on the talus
  • plantar flexed is less stable
  • lower leg bones provide stability to the talus so the bone doesn’t move, but when plantar flexed and in heels it is less stable
  • bone (talus) no longer between tibia fibula so less stable
39
Q

What are the three arches of the foot

A

Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse

40
Q

What are the factors that maintain the arch of the foot

A

Wedge shaped bones, ligaments, plantar aponeurosis, intrinsic muscles, long muscles

41
Q

What is plantar fasciitis

A

Pain at the most anterior portion of the heel pad, inflammation of plantar fascia, connective tissue of the sole of the foot, due to repetitive injury, worse with first step in the morning, pain increases with active dorsiflexion of the first toe.

42
Q

What are the muscles responsible for knee flexion

A

Hamstrings - biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Sartorius
Gracilis

43
Q

How many carpals are there, where are they, and describe the rows

A

Carpals are located in the wrist and are part of the hand anatomy
There are 8 carpals in total, arranged in two rows of 4 bones each

44
Q

How many tarsals are there, where are they, describe there arrangement

A

Tarsals are the bones located in the ankle and part of the foot anatomy
There are 7 tarsals in total and are arranged in two rows
Proximal - consists of the talus and calcaneus
Distal - consists of the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms

45
Q

Pronation and supination of the hands

A

Pronation - palm rotates to face backward, down
Supination - palm rotates to face forward, up

46
Q

What is lateral flexion

A

Used when head and trunk tilt sideways

47
Q

What is radial flexion

A

Movement of the hand towards the thumb

48
Q

What is ulnar flexion

A

Movement of the hand towards the little finger

49
Q

What is the difference between inversion and eversion of the foot

A

Inversion - medial border of foot raised so sole of foot faces in
Eversion - lateral border of foot raised so sole of foot faces out

50
Q

What is circumduction

A

End of segment moves in circular path
Possible in any joint/segment that can move in 2 directions

51
Q

What is the medial longitudinal arch and what is its function

A

Location - runs along the inner side of the foot, extending from the heel to the ball of the foot
Functions - the highest and most prominent arch, plays a key role in absorbing shock and providing stability and propulsion during gait

52
Q

What is the lateral longitudinal arch and what is the function of the

A

Location - runs along the outer side of the foot, extending from the heel to the ball of the foot
Function - lower and flatter than the medial longitudinal arch, provides stability to the outer side of the foot

53
Q

What are the degrees of freedom and name them

A

1 df (uniaxial) - segment can move through 1 plane of motion
2 df (biaxial) - segment can move through 2 planes of motion
3 df (triaxial) - segment can move through 3 planes of motion

54
Q

Examples of the three degrees of freedom

A

1 - elbow, interphalangeal joints of fingers
2 - knee
3 - shoulder

55
Q

What is the Sagittal plane and what axis is it paired with

A

Splits our body into left and right, covers flexion and extension along the Sagitta plane
Mediolateral axis - like doing a somersault - cuts through the side of our body and out the other side

56
Q

What is the frontal plane and what axis is it paired with

A

Cuts the body into front and back, covers abduction and adduction
Anteriorposterior axis - like a pole running through belly button and out the back
Cartwheeling

57
Q

What is the transverse arch and function

A

Location - runs across the width of the foot, from the medial to the lateral sides
Function - provides side-to-side support and helps maintain the shape of the foot, contributes to overall strength and flexibility of the foot

58
Q

What is the. Transverse plane and what axis is it paired with

A

Divides body into upper and lower
Covers rotation, horizontal and medial rotation
Vertical axis - running from the top of our heads to our toes
Figure skating, turns and spins

59
Q

What is the anatomical name for the shoulder joint

A

Glenohumeral joint

60
Q

What is the anatomical name for the elbow joint

A

Humeroulnar joint

61
Q

What is the anatomical name for the wrist joint

A

Radiocarpal joint

62
Q

What is the anatomical name for the hip joint

A

Acetabulofemoral joint

63
Q

What is the anatomical name for the knee joint

A

Tibiofemoral joint

64
Q

What is the anatomical name for the ankle joint

A

Talocrural joint

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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