Anatomy Features Flashcards
What is part of the axial skeleton
Skull, spinal column, thorax(ribs and sternum)
What does the axial skeleton protect
Brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
What are the different speeds of the axial and appendicular skeleton
Axial is slower, appendicular is faster moving
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of
Extremities(limbs), shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle
What does the appendicular skeleton do
Crucial role in movement, attachment points for muscles that enable movement of the limbs
What is the difference between flexion and extension
Flexion - shortens muscle and decreases angle between two limbs at a joint, bending movement
Extension - lengthening muscles and increasing angle
Which is anatomical and which is fundamental position
Anatomical - palms facing forward (like you are about to fly)
Fundamental - arms relaxed and places by your side
What is the difference between abduction and adduction
Abduction- movement away from midline
Adduction- movement toward midline
What is medial/internal rotation
Anterior surface moves toward midline, posterior surface moves away from midline
What is lateral/external rotation
Posterior surface moves toward midline, anterior surface moves away from midline.
What are the six specialised movements of the scapula
Elevation, depression, adduction(retraction), abduction(protraction), upward rotation, downward rotation(return to anatomical position)
horizontal adduction and abduction
Adduction - combination of flexion and internal rotation of arm or thigh across body to midline, horizontal to ground
Abduction - combination of extension and external rotation of arm or thigh away from midline, horizontal to ground
Pronation and supination
Pronation - ankle moves inwards, foot moves outwards
Supination - ankle rolls outwards, foot moves inwards
Plantar flexion and Dorsiflexion
Plantar - foot moves down, increase in angle between foot and leg
Dorsi - foot moves up, decrease in angle between foot and leg
What kind of joint is the Glenohumeral joint/shoulder joint
Ball and socket joint, enarthrodial
Describe the scapulohumeral rhythm (kinematic interaction between the scapula and the humerus)
Arm movements are accompanied with the movements of the shoulder girdle.
(30 degree arm abduction plus 60 degree arm flexion results in minimal shoulder girdle movement)
What is the glenoid fossa
Shallow, covers only 25% of numeral head at any time, largest range of motion (look on complete anatomy - find it)
What is a long bone
Long cylindrical shaft, relatively wide protruding ends, central area of shaft contains marrow
Examples of long bones
Tibia, humerus, femur
What is a flat bone
Usually have curved surface vary from thick to thin, protective and offer large areas for muscle attachments
Examples of flat bones
Scapula, sternum, ilium
What is a short bone
Small, cubical shaped, solid bones, similar in length, breadth and thickness, often articulate with less more then one bone
Examples of short bones
Carpals, tarsals, metatarsals
What is an irregular bone
They have specialised shapes and functions
Examples of irregular bones
Vertebrae, pubis, ischium
What is a sesamoid bone
Small bones embedded within tendon where pressure develops, provide protection for tendon, change angle of insertion of muscle and improve mechanical advantage
Examples of sesamoid bones
Patella, in flexor tendons of big toe and thumb
Structure of a long bone - diaphysis
Shaft/long portion of the bone
Structure of a long bone - epiphysis
Round end of the bone - both proximal and distal ends
Structure of a long bone - periosteum
The outer surface of a bone, lined by a thin layer of connective tissue
Structure of a long bone - endosteum
Thin layer of connective tissue that lines the walls of the medullary cavities
What is the remodelling of a bone
The replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue. Compact bone is formed by the transformation of spongy bone
What does Wolffs law state and explain the effect of exercise on bone tissue
Bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads it is placed under.
If increased loading, bone remodels over time, increased bone deposition and increased strength to resist the load.
What is the mechanical axis of the femur
The line connecting the centre of the femoral head with the centre of the knee joint - almost vertical
Shaft of femur acts medially
Places the centre of the knee joint nearly under the centre of motion of the hip joint
Angle varies with age and gender
Determines the effectiveness of the hip abductors, the length of the limb, and the forces imposed on the hip joint
HAVE A LOOK AT PICTURES
What is the angle of anteversion
Angle of femoral head and neck in the transverse plane
Normal = femoral neck rotated anteriorly 12 to 14 degrees wrt femur
More than 14 degrees anterior side - anti version
If angle moves posteriorly = retro version
HAVE A LOOK AT PICTURES
What is the patella
Sesamoid bone embedded in quadriceps and patellar tendon
What is the main function of the patella
Creates improved angle of pull resulting in greater mechanical advantage of quads during knee extension
What happens when you wear high heeled shoes
- weight is shifted toward the ball of your foot which could cause pain in the ball of your foot as well as cramping and fatigue
- postural in correction: to compensate for your shifted weight, you may arch your back and tilt your head forward. This might cause pain in your lower back, neck and shoulders
- high heels can shorten your calf muscles over time, therefore, it can make it difficult to walk in flat shoes
- risk of injury: due to the instability caused by high heels, there is an increase in the risk of ankle sprains and falls
- foot deformities: it could cause bunions and hammertoes
- increased pressure - this increased pressure can affect the talus bone as it absorbs a significant portion of the body’s weight, increased pressure on the talus
- plantar flexed is less stable
- lower leg bones provide stability to the talus so the bone doesn’t move, but when plantar flexed and in heels it is less stable
- bone (talus) no longer between tibia fibula so less stable
What are the three arches of the foot
Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse
What are the factors that maintain the arch of the foot
Wedge shaped bones, ligaments, plantar aponeurosis, intrinsic muscles, long muscles
What is plantar fasciitis
Pain at the most anterior portion of the heel pad, inflammation of plantar fascia, connective tissue of the sole of the foot, due to repetitive injury, worse with first step in the morning, pain increases with active dorsiflexion of the first toe.
What are the muscles responsible for knee flexion
Hamstrings - biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Sartorius
Gracilis
How many carpals are there, where are they, and describe the rows
Carpals are located in the wrist and are part of the hand anatomy
There are 8 carpals in total, arranged in two rows of 4 bones each
How many tarsals are there, where are they, describe there arrangement
Tarsals are the bones located in the ankle and part of the foot anatomy
There are 7 tarsals in total and are arranged in two rows
Proximal - consists of the talus and calcaneus
Distal - consists of the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms
Pronation and supination of the hands
Pronation - palm rotates to face backward, down
Supination - palm rotates to face forward, up
What is lateral flexion
Used when head and trunk tilt sideways
What is radial flexion
Movement of the hand towards the thumb
What is ulnar flexion
Movement of the hand towards the little finger
What is the difference between inversion and eversion of the foot
Inversion - medial border of foot raised so sole of foot faces in
Eversion - lateral border of foot raised so sole of foot faces out
What is circumduction
End of segment moves in circular path
Possible in any joint/segment that can move in 2 directions
What is the medial longitudinal arch and what is its function
Location - runs along the inner side of the foot, extending from the heel to the ball of the foot
Functions - the highest and most prominent arch, plays a key role in absorbing shock and providing stability and propulsion during gait
What is the lateral longitudinal arch and what is the function of the
Location - runs along the outer side of the foot, extending from the heel to the ball of the foot
Function - lower and flatter than the medial longitudinal arch, provides stability to the outer side of the foot
What are the degrees of freedom and name them
1 df (uniaxial) - segment can move through 1 plane of motion
2 df (biaxial) - segment can move through 2 planes of motion
3 df (triaxial) - segment can move through 3 planes of motion
Examples of the three degrees of freedom
1 - elbow, interphalangeal joints of fingers
2 - knee
3 - shoulder
What is the Sagittal plane and what axis is it paired with
Splits our body into left and right, covers flexion and extension along the Sagitta plane
Mediolateral axis - like doing a somersault - cuts through the side of our body and out the other side
What is the frontal plane and what axis is it paired with
Cuts the body into front and back, covers abduction and adduction
Anteriorposterior axis - like a pole running through belly button and out the back
Cartwheeling
What is the transverse arch and function
Location - runs across the width of the foot, from the medial to the lateral sides
Function - provides side-to-side support and helps maintain the shape of the foot, contributes to overall strength and flexibility of the foot
What is the. Transverse plane and what axis is it paired with
Divides body into upper and lower
Covers rotation, horizontal and medial rotation
Vertical axis - running from the top of our heads to our toes
Figure skating, turns and spins
What is the anatomical name for the shoulder joint
Glenohumeral joint
What is the anatomical name for the elbow joint
Humeroulnar joint
What is the anatomical name for the wrist joint
Radiocarpal joint
What is the anatomical name for the hip joint
Acetabulofemoral joint
What is the anatomical name for the knee joint
Tibiofemoral joint
What is the anatomical name for the ankle joint
Talocrural joint
