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Kinesiology > Anatomy Features > Flashcards

Anatomy Features Flashcards

1
Q

What is part of the axial skeleton

A

Skull, spinal column, thorax(ribs and sternum)

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton protect

A

Brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs

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3
Q

What are the different speeds of the axial and appendicular skeleton

A

Axial is slower, appendicular is faster moving

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4
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

Extremities(limbs), shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

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5
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton do

A

Crucial role in movement, attachment points for muscles that enable movement of the limbs

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6
Q

What is the difference between flexion and extension

A

Flexion - shortens muscle and decreases angle between two limbs at a joint, bending movement
Extension - lengthening muscles and increasing angle

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7
Q

Which is anatomical and which is fundamental position

A

Anatomical - palms facing forward (like you are about to fly)
Fundamental - arms relaxed and places by your side

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8
Q

What is the difference between abduction and adduction

A

Abduction- movement away from midline
Adduction- movement toward midline

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9
Q

What is medial/internal rotation

A

Anterior surface moves toward midline, posterior surface moves away from midline

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10
Q

What is lateral/external rotation

A

Posterior surface moves toward midline, anterior surface moves away from midline.

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11
Q

What are the six specialised movements of the scapula

A

Elevation, depression, adduction(retraction), abduction(protraction), upward rotation, downward rotation(return to anatomical position)

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12
Q

horizontal adduction and abduction

A

Adduction - combination of flexion and internal rotation of arm or thigh across body to midline, horizontal to ground
Abduction - combination of extension and external rotation of arm or thigh away from midline, horizontal to ground

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13
Q

Pronation and supination

A

Pronation - ankle moves inwards, foot moves outwards
Supination - ankle rolls outwards, foot moves inwards

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14
Q

Plantar flexion and Dorsiflexion

A

Plantar - foot moves down, increase in angle between foot and leg
Dorsi - foot moves up, decrease in angle between foot and leg

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15
Q

What kind of joint is the Glenohumeral joint/shoulder joint

A

Ball and socket joint, enarthrodial

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16
Q

Describe the scapulohumeral rhythm (kinematic interaction between the scapula and the humerus)

A

Arm movements are accompanied with the movements of the shoulder girdle.
(30 degree arm abduction plus 60 degree arm flexion results in minimal shoulder girdle movement)

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17
Q

What is the glenoid fossa

A

Shallow, covers only 25% of numeral head at any time, largest range of motion (look on complete anatomy - find it)

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18
Q

What is a long bone

A

Long cylindrical shaft, relatively wide protruding ends, central area of shaft contains marrow

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19
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Tibia, humerus, femur

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20
Q

What is a flat bone

A

Usually have curved surface vary from thick to thin, protective and offer large areas for muscle attachments

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21
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Scapula, sternum, ilium

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22
Q

What is a short bone

A

Small, cubical shaped, solid bones, similar in length, breadth and thickness, often articulate with less more then one bone

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23
Q

Examples of short bones

A

Carpals, tarsals, metatarsals

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24
Q

What is an irregular bone

A

They have specialised shapes and functions

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25
Examples of irregular bones
Vertebrae, pubis, ischium
26
What is a sesamoid bone
Small bones embedded within tendon where pressure develops, provide protection for tendon, change angle of insertion of muscle and improve mechanical advantage
27
Examples of sesamoid bones
Patella, in flexor tendons of big toe and thumb
28
Structure of a long bone - diaphysis
Shaft/long portion of the bone
29
Structure of a long bone - epiphysis
Round end of the bone - both proximal and distal ends
30
Structure of a long bone - periosteum
The outer surface of a bone, lined by a thin layer of connective tissue
31
Structure of a long bone - endosteum
Thin layer of connective tissue that lines the walls of the medullary cavities
32
What is the remodelling of a bone
The replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue. Compact bone is formed by the transformation of spongy bone
33
What does Wolffs law state and explain the effect of exercise on bone tissue
Bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads it is placed under. If increased loading, bone remodels over time, increased bone deposition and increased strength to resist the load.
34
What is the mechanical axis of the femur
The line connecting the centre of the femoral head with the centre of the knee joint - almost vertical Shaft of femur acts medially Places the centre of the knee joint nearly under the centre of motion of the hip joint Angle varies with age and gender Determines the effectiveness of the hip abductors, the length of the limb, and the forces imposed on the hip joint HAVE A LOOK AT PICTURES
35
What is the angle of anteversion
Angle of femoral head and neck in the transverse plane Normal = femoral neck rotated anteriorly 12 to 14 degrees wrt femur More than 14 degrees anterior side - anti version If angle moves posteriorly = retro version HAVE A LOOK AT PICTURES
36
What is the patella
Sesamoid bone embedded in quadriceps and patellar tendon
37
What is the main function of the patella
Creates improved angle of pull resulting in greater mechanical advantage of quads during knee extension
38
What happens when you wear high heeled shoes
- weight is shifted toward the ball of your foot which could cause pain in the ball of your foot as well as cramping and fatigue - postural in correction: to compensate for your shifted weight, you may arch your back and tilt your head forward. This might cause pain in your lower back, neck and shoulders - high heels can shorten your calf muscles over time, therefore, it can make it difficult to walk in flat shoes - risk of injury: due to the instability caused by high heels, there is an increase in the risk of ankle sprains and falls - foot deformities: it could cause bunions and hammertoes - increased pressure - this increased pressure can affect the talus bone as it absorbs a significant portion of the body’s weight, increased pressure on the talus - plantar flexed is less stable - lower leg bones provide stability to the talus so the bone doesn’t move, but when plantar flexed and in heels it is less stable - bone (talus) no longer between tibia fibula so less stable
39
What are the three arches of the foot
Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse
40
What are the factors that maintain the arch of the foot
Wedge shaped bones, ligaments, plantar aponeurosis, intrinsic muscles, long muscles
41
What is plantar fasciitis
Pain at the most anterior portion of the heel pad, inflammation of plantar fascia, connective tissue of the sole of the foot, due to repetitive injury, worse with first step in the morning, pain increases with active dorsiflexion of the first toe.
42
What are the muscles responsible for knee flexion
Hamstrings - biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus Gastrocnemius Sartorius Gracilis
43
How many carpals are there, where are they, and describe the rows
Carpals are located in the wrist and are part of the hand anatomy There are 8 carpals in total, arranged in two rows of 4 bones each
44
How many tarsals are there, where are they, describe there arrangement
Tarsals are the bones located in the ankle and part of the foot anatomy There are 7 tarsals in total and are arranged in two rows Proximal - consists of the talus and calcaneus Distal - consists of the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms
45
Pronation and supination of the hands
Pronation - palm rotates to face backward, down Supination - palm rotates to face forward, up
46
What is lateral flexion
Used when head and trunk tilt sideways
47
What is radial flexion
Movement of the hand towards the thumb
48
What is ulnar flexion
Movement of the hand towards the little finger
49
What is the difference between inversion and eversion of the foot
Inversion - medial border of foot raised so sole of foot faces in Eversion - lateral border of foot raised so sole of foot faces out
50
What is circumduction
End of segment moves in circular path Possible in any joint/segment that can move in 2 directions
51
What is the medial longitudinal arch and what is its function
Location - runs along the inner side of the foot, extending from the heel to the ball of the foot Functions - the highest and most prominent arch, plays a key role in absorbing shock and providing stability and propulsion during gait
52
What is the lateral longitudinal arch and what is the function of the
Location - runs along the outer side of the foot, extending from the heel to the ball of the foot Function - lower and flatter than the medial longitudinal arch, provides stability to the outer side of the foot
53
What are the degrees of freedom and name them
1 df (uniaxial) - segment can move through 1 plane of motion 2 df (biaxial) - segment can move through 2 planes of motion 3 df (triaxial) - segment can move through 3 planes of motion
54
Examples of the three degrees of freedom
1 - elbow, interphalangeal joints of fingers 2 - knee 3 - shoulder
55
What is the Sagittal plane and what axis is it paired with
Splits our body into left and right, covers flexion and extension along the Sagitta plane Mediolateral axis - like doing a somersault - cuts through the side of our body and out the other side
56
What is the frontal plane and what axis is it paired with
Cuts the body into front and back, covers abduction and adduction Anteriorposterior axis - like a pole running through belly button and out the back Cartwheeling
57
What is the transverse arch and function
Location - runs across the width of the foot, from the medial to the lateral sides Function - provides side-to-side support and helps maintain the shape of the foot, contributes to overall strength and flexibility of the foot
58
What is the. Transverse plane and what axis is it paired with
Divides body into upper and lower Covers rotation, horizontal and medial rotation Vertical axis - running from the top of our heads to our toes Figure skating, turns and spins
59
What is the anatomical name for the shoulder joint
Glenohumeral joint
60
What is the anatomical name for the elbow joint
Humeroulnar joint
61
What is the anatomical name for the wrist joint
Radiocarpal joint
62
What is the anatomical name for the hip joint
Acetabulofemoral joint
63
What is the anatomical name for the knee joint
Tibiofemoral joint
64
What is the anatomical name for the ankle joint
Talocrural joint

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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