Kines-The Pelvic Girdle/Hip Flashcards
List the hip bones
Pelvis Femur Sacrum Ilium bone Pubic Bone Ischium
Describe the Pelvis
made of 3 bones: Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
Fused at maturity
Describe the Femur
Classification: long bone
Function: lever
longest bone in the body
Describe the Sacrum
It is the extension of the spinal cord
5 fused vertebrae
posteriorly between the 2 pelvic bones
SI joint is formed by the pelvis and sacrum
Describe the Ilium Bone
classification: flat bone
function: protection
Describe the pubic bone
“PUBIS”
Classification: irregular bone
Function: protection
Describe the Ischium
Classification: irregular bone
function: protection
Hip Joint
Large Stable Joint
consists of: head of femur and acetabulum of Pelvis (ball and socket)
Structure: synovial joint
Function: ball and socket joint
Provides: stability, mobility,shock absorption, and protection
3 degrees of freedom:
Frontal, saggital and transverse
Describe the Femoral Head
“ball”
spherical
smooth surface
covered by articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Function: shock absorption, joint nutrition
Describe the acetabulum
“socket”
Latin = little vinegar cup
lined by articular hyaline cartilage
supports entire body weight
List the 3 ligaments that reinforce the joint capsule
Femoroacetabular ligament consists of 3 main ligaments :
Illiofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral Ligament
Discuss the hip joint with respect to the following; type of joint, stability vs mobility.
The hip joint is a ball and socket joint, with the rounded convex femoral head articulating with the acetabulum of the hip bone.
The joint consists of the femur, os coxae (hip bone), joint capsule and its corresponding ligaments, tendons and muscles.
Unlike the shoulder joint, the hip is a more stable joint, but it does sacrifice some range of motion, for this stability.
Discuss the motions of the hip joint
Since this joint is a triaxial joint, it allows motion in all three planes, the sagittal, frontal, and transverse.
Describe the Iliofemoral ligament
ilium to femur
anterior to hip joint
prevents abduction and external rotation
Describe the ischiofemoral ligament
ischium to femur
triangular band of strong fibers
posterior side of hip joint
limits medial rotation
Describe the Pubofemoral Ligament
pubis to femur
anterior to hip joint
limits abduction
Hip Flexor muscles (anterior muscles)
Iliopsoas Rectus Femoris Sartorius Pectineus Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)
Iliopsoas (psoas major and iliacus)
O: T-12 to L-5 vertebrae
I: Lesser trochanter of femur
A: Hip Flexion
N: Iliacus portion: femoral
Psoas major: L2 and L3
Rectus Femoris- In the quadricep group, the only muscle that flexes the hip and the knee.
O: Anterior Inferior Iliac spine
I: Tibial tuberosity
A: hip flexion
knee extension
N: Femoral
Sartorius- also called the tailor muscle.
O: anterior superior iliac spine
I: upper medial tibia
A: hip flexion, abduction, lateral rotation, and knee flexion,
N: Femoral
Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)
O: Anterior superior iliac spine
I: lateral condyle of tibia
A: hip flexion
hip abduction
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve
Adductor longus
O: Pubis
I: Middle third of linea aspera
A: Hip adduction
N: Obturator Nerve
Hip extensor muscles (posterior muscles)
Gluteus maximus
semimebranosis
semitendinosis
biceps femoris
gluteus maximus
O: Posterior ilium and sacrum
I: greater trochanter of femur and IT band
A: hip extension
external rotation
N: Inferior gluteal nerve
semimembranosis
O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of tibia
A: hip extension
knee flexion
N: Sciatic
semitendinosis
O: ischial tuberosity
I: proximal and medial tibia
A: hip extension
knee flexion
N: sciatic
biceps femoris
O: ischial tuberosity, lateral lip of linea aspera
I: fibular head
A: hip extension
knee flexion
N: long head; sciatic
short head; common peroneal nerve
Hip abductor muscles (lateral muscles)
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Sartorius
Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)
Gluteus medius
O: Outer surface of ilium
I: greater trochanter
A: hip abduction
N: superior gluteal nerve
gluteus minimus
O: lateral ilium
I: greater trochanter
A: hip abduction
internal rotation
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve
TFL
O: anterior superior iliac spine
I: lateral condyle of tibia
A: hip abduction
hip flexion
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve
hip adductor muscles
Adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus pectinius gracilis
adductor longus
O:pubis
I: middle third of the linea aspera
A: hip adduction
N: Obturator nerve
adductor brevis
O: pubis
I: Pectineal line and proximal linea aspera
A: hip adduction
N: Obturator nerve
adductor magnus
O: ischium and pubis
I: entire linea aspera and adductor tubercle
A: hip adduction
N: Obturator and sciatic nerve
pectineus
O: Superior ramus of pubis
I: pectineal line of femur
A: assist with hip flexion
assist with hip adduction
N: Femoral nerve
Gracilis
O: pubis
I: medial tibia
A: hip adduction
N: Obturator nerve
hip internal rotator muscles
gluteus medius (anterior fibers)
Hip external rotator muscles
Gluteus Maximus & Deep Rotators
what are the 6 deep rotators muscles?
obturator externus obturator internus quadratus femoris piriformis gemellus superior gemellus inferior
deep rotator muscles
O: posterior sacrum, ischium, pubis
I: Greater trochanter
A: hip external rotation
N: Numerous… Piriformis S1 and S2 segments
Injury: slipped capital epiphysis
Epiphysis = area at end of long bone that is separated from main part of bone by a growth plate.
common after onset of puberty
males> females
common in obese children
cause: unknown
may be caused by weak growth plate
trauma
inflammation
change in hormone levels
treatment: surgery (pins or screws)
Injury: Hip fracture
usually to the femoral neck of the femur
Cause: trauma
falls
accidents
usually over 65
women at higher risk
pain in groin
unable to bear weight
swelling and bruising
Injury: Hip pointer
Bruise to the ilium
pain above groin
treat: ice, padding, rest
Injury: IT band
test: stretching IT band
contracting med or TFL
normal xrays, possible calcification in glut med tendon or bursa
referred pain in the back
15% in women 66.6% in men
acute trauma (falls, impact) increased activity/exercise rubbing of tight IT band
Ice, rest, cortisone shot, stretch IT band, restore hip, strengthen glut med and TFL
Describe the Acetabular Labrum
cartilaginous lip
Fibrocartilage, rim around the acetabulum,
deepens the socket
provides stability and proprioception (body awareness).
Helps hold the head of the femur in place.
Describe the Ligamentum Teres
intracapsular ligament, runs from the head of the femur to the acetabulum. Small blood vessel that supplies some blood supply to the femoral head.
What muscles comprise the hamstring muscles?
All 3 muscles cross the hip and the knee, they are all posterior. They extend the hip and flex the knee.
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps Femoris
If a muscle is a flexor, what motion would stretch that muscle?
Extend the muscle. (the opposite action)
What is gluteus medius gait?
the individual shifts the trunk over the affected side during the stance phase. The right gluteus medius, or hip abductor is weak. It causes 2 things to happen. 1. body leans to the weaker right side, and the right side of the pelvis will drop when the right leg leaves the ground and begins the swing phase. This gait is also referred to as a trendelenburg gait.
What is the pelvic girdle composed of?
Sacrum
Coccyx
Hip Bone- Comprised of Ilium, ischium, pubis
What is the sacral iliac joint?
The SI joint is synovial joint, non axial, articulation between the sacrum and the ilium, and is a plane joint.
Function- to transfer weight from the upper body through the vertebral body to the upper extremities.
What is the symphis pubis?
Located anteriorly, in the midline of the body, it joins the right and left pubic bones. There is a fibrocartilaginous disk between the pubic bones, and there is little movement, but more movement is present during childbirth.
What is the lumbosacral angle?
located superiorly, angle is determined by drawing 1 line parallel to the ground and the other line at the base of the sacrum.
We use the superior part of the pelvis for the reference point.
When the pelvis tilts forward, the lumbar lordosis increases. When the pelvis tilts back, the lumbar lordosis decreases.
What are the functions of the pelvic girdle?
it supports the weight of the upper part of the body through the spinal column, and passes that weight to the lower extremities.
Receives forces when the foot comes into contact with the ground, and those forces are transmitted up through the spinal column.
The pelvic girdle moves in all 3 planes, because of that our walking is a lot smoother.
The pelvis supports and protects the bladder, uterus, and the prostate in men.
The pelvis provides attachments for muscles and muscular floor.
The pelvis makes up the bony portion of the birth canal in females.
What comprises the sacrum?
5 fused vertebrae, sits posteriorly, between the 2 hip bones, and makes up the posterior border of the pelvis.
It makes up the posterior border of the pelvis. The top part of the sacrum will articulate with the 5th vertebra, it is concave anteriorly, and convex posteriorly.
What are landmarks of the sacrum?
Dorsal surface, pelvic surface, base, body, sacral promontory, superior articular process, ala wing, auricular surface, foramina, tail bone or coccyx
What comprises the Ilium?
inominate bone or oscoxe bone = hip bone, in the hip bone there are 3 bones fused together. The top part is the ilium, front lower part is the pubis, and back lower part is the ischium.
What are the bony landmarks of the Ilium?
Iliac crest, auricular surface, iliac tuberosity, Posterior Superior Iliac Spine, Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine, Greater Sciatic Notch, Iliac Fossa, Anterior Superior Iliac Spine, Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
What comprises the ischium?
Hip bone is composed of the ilium and 2 components on the bottom. The ischium is the anterior and posterior portion of the hip bone.
What are the bony landmarks of the ischium?
Ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ramus.
What comprises the pubis?
the anterior and inferior portion of the hip bone.
What are the bony landmarks of the pubis?
Superior Ramus, Actetabulum, Obturator Foramen.
What are the pelvic girdle motions?
movement occurs in all 3 planes. Anterior Pelvic tilt, posterior pelvic tilt, lateral pelvic tilt, and pelvic rotation.
What is an anterior pelvic tilt?
Pelvis tilts forward, superior surface of pelvis as reference point. There is a muscular forced couple of the posterior trunk muscles, and anterior hip muscles.
What is a posterior pelvic tilt?
pelvis tilts backward, superior surface of pelvis as reference. The lumbar lordosis decreases with a posterior pelvic tilt. This also is a forced couple between the anterior trunk flexors (abdominal muscles) and the posterior hip extensors (gluteus maximus)
What is a lateral pelvic tilt?
when the 2 iliac crest are not level. If one side moves up, the other side moves down. During walking the pelvis is level when both feet are in contact with the ground. When 1 foot leaves the ground, the pelvis will drop on that side. Muscular force couple of erector spinii muscles, quadratus labrum, and your gluteus medius on the other side.
What is pelvic rotation?
occurs in a transverse plane, around a vertical axis. It happens when right side of the pelvis goes forward and left side goes back and visa versa.
Hip flexion
movement of the femur anteriorly toward the pelvis
Normal ROM: 0-120*
sagittal plane motion
hip extension
Movement of the femur straight posteriorly away from the pelvis
Normal ROM: 0-15*
sagittal plane motion
hip abduction
Movement of the femur laterally to the side away from midline
normal ROM: 0-45*
Frontal plane motion
hip adduction
movement of the femur medially towards the midline
normal ROM: 0-25*
frontal plane motion
When you sit down what are you sitting on?
the ischial tuberosities
hip internal rotation “medial rotation”
rotary movement of the femur medially around its longitudinal axis toward the midline
normal ROM: 0-45*
Transverse plane motion
hip external rotation “lateral rotation”
Rotary movement of the femur laterally around its longitudinal axis away from the midline
Normal ROM: 0-45*
Transverse plane motion
