KINE 2P09; LECTURE ONE

Question 1

Define PHYSIOLOGY…

Answer 1

The mechanisms and processes subserving how living organisms function and maintain homeostasis (critical survival of organisms)

Question 2

levels of organization of the human body

Answer 2

1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. orgam
5. body system
6. organism

Question 3

Why are cells so amazing?

Answer 3

They are the basic unit of function and structure of the human body; they are also the SMALLEST unit capable of carrying out processes associated with life

Question 4

common cell function(s)

Answer 4

1. material exchange with the environment
2. membrane properties
3. energy production

Question 5

what are the names of the cells with specific function

Answer 5

1. muscle cells
2. blood cells
3. nerve cells

Question 6

what are the four primary tissue types

Answer 6

1. muscle tissue
2. nervous tissue
3. epithelial tissue
4. connective tissue

Question 7

Muscle tissue consists..

Answer 7

1. Consists of cells specialized for contracting and generating force
2. Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle

Question 8

Nervous tissue consists..

Answer 8

1. Consists of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses
2. Found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves – to interact with tissues and organs

Question 9

Epithelial tissue consists..

Answer 9

1. Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment
2. Epithelial sheets (e.g., skin- prevent exchange) and secretory glands (e.g., endocrine glands- expel hormones or intercellular communicators)

Question 10

Connective tissue consists..

Answer 10

1. Connects, supports and anchors various body parts
2. Loose connective tissue, tendons, bone, blood (bladder)

Question 11

what does blood pressure regulation depend on?

Answer 11

It depends on the circulatory, urinary, nervous, and endocrine systems.

Question 12

What are the two compartments for body fluid?

Answer 12

1. Intracellular fluid
2. Extracellular fluid

Question 13

What does body fluid refer to?

Answer 13

Refers to the watery solution dissolved substance (oxygen, nutrients, and waste) presented in the body.

Question 14

Give three points regarding Intracellular fluid:

Answer 14

1. 2/3 of the liquid inside a cell
2. maintains homeostasis
3. maintains differences in fluid composition across the cell membrane is an important way in which cell regulate their own activity

Question 15

Give three points regarding Extracellular fluid:

Answer 15

1. outside of cells; can be found in blood and surrounding cells
2. 75-80% of extracellular fluid that exists around and between cells is called the interstitial fluid
3. 20-25% is in the fluid portion of blood (plasma)
   bonus: space containing interstitial fluid is called intersitium

Question 16

What does ECM refer to, and what is its purpose

Answer 16

Extracellular matrix
surrounds the cell (proteins, complex sugars, and cells)

Question 17

What are the two functions of the ECM?

Answer 17

1. provides a scaffold for cellular attachment (structures)
2. Transmits info in the form of chemical messengers to the cells to help regulate their activity

Question 18

Define Homeostasis

Answer 18

regulation of the human body; maintain the critical variables within a normal healthy range in the face of large environment changes.

Question 19

What are the variables that affect homeostasis

Answer 19

1. body temp.
2. blood pressure (90mm HG)
3. Glucose levels

Question 20

Define Dynamic Constancy

Answer 20

short-term variability but long-term predictability

Question 21

How to maintain a homeostatic control system

Answer 21

1. detect deviations from normal set-point in the internal environment
2. integrate information about 1 variable with information about other variables
3. adjust variables (glucose, body temp.) to restore to set-point

Question 22

Give three key components to a Negative feedback system

Answer 22

1. critical and highly common in homeostatic control system
2. increase or decrease in regulated variables produces responses that modify that variable in the opposite direction
3. decrease in blood pressure leads to cardiovascular responses that increase blood pressure back to the set-point (normal ‘health’ level)

Question 23

Give three key components to a positive feedback system

Answer 23

1. not as common as a negative feedback system
2. Accelerates a process or increases the production of a substance; will continue to go if left ‘unchecked,’ and this will cause to have the opposite effects on homeostasis
3. For example: in wound healing, a positive feedback system will release chemical signals to the brain about the wound, then when platelets activate, they release more signals and keep bringing more platelets in a loop until the wound heals (enzymatic reaction and inhibitory)

Question 24

what is a reflex? and provided an example

Answer 24

is a specific, involuntary, built-in response to a particular stimulus
example: pulling your hand away from a hot object or shutting your eyes as an object rapidly approaches your face.

Question 25

what is a hormone

Answer 25

a type of chemical messenger secreted into the blood by cells of the endocrine system. Hormones may act on many different cells simultaneously because they circulate throughout the body.

Question 26

How does the brain know if our blood pressure is too high or too low?

Answer 26

Communication between cells/tissues/organs is key to homeostatic control mechanisms. Intercellular communication is achieved by chemical messengers.

Question 27

How do we correct blood pressure if it is too low?

Answer 27

Hormones, neurotransmitters, paracrine, and autocrine messengers

Question 28

what are the two major types of cellular communication and explain them

Answer 28

1. Gap junctions are physical linkages connecting the cytosol between two cells, which allow molecules to move from one cell to an adjacent cell without entering the extracellular fluid.
2. Juxtacrine signalling is the chemical messenger not actually being released from the cell producing it but rather is located in the plasma membrane of that cell. When the cell encounters another cell type capable of responding to the message, the two cells link up via the membrane-bound messenger.

Question 29

define adaptation

Answer 29

The term means to denote a characteristic that would favour survival in specific environments (inheritable)
e.g. the ability to digest lactose in milk

Question 30

define Acclimatization

Answer 30

refers to the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system; in some cases, this is due to prolonged exposure to an environmental change.
E.g., Produce more red blood cells when spending time at high altitudes to improve oxygen carrying capacity. - generate more blood cells and reverse or couldn’t make, and O2 carry capacity would go down once sea level is reached.