KINC6 Flashcards
what is a motor behavior researcher?
scholars from universities: teach, research, and service
may focus on learning, control, or development
what is motor learning?
an internal state is relatively permanent; practice is required for it to occur, and it is difficult to observe and measure. Thus, transfer and retention tests are used to measure learning
correct practice improves performance and supports learning and augmented feedback enhances practice and thereby learning
what is motor programs(for motor control)? schema theory? dynamical systems theory?
Motor programs are proposed memory mechanisms that allow movements to be controlled.
As motor programs are developed, they become more automatic, allowing the performer to concentrate on how to use the movement in performance situations (becomes more cognitive) This perspective is called schema theory.
Dynamical systems theory has challenged the motor program theory. Dynamical systems theorists believe that a more direct link (coordinated structure) exists between perception and action, bypassing the need for motor programs.
Importance of motor control is clear for professionals in physical education, physical therapy, or athletic training.
Motor control often is not intuitive; easily misunderstood.
what are the goals and factors of motor learning? what is effective motor learning?
Understanding the role of practice, feedback (intrinsic and extrinsic), and individual differences
Before practice: goal setting, instructions, modeling, and mental practice
For effective learning, extrinsic feedback should be corrective, be something the learner could not gather on his/her own, be provided on about ½ of the trials, and be followed bytime to make corrections.
Skill acquisition=motor learning variables versus performance variables
what are the 3 subdisciplines of motor behavior?
motor learning, motor control, motor development
memory drum theory?
reaction time slower for complex movements compared to simple movements which have a quicker reaction time
electromyography EMG?
researching tech. high-speed imaging helps to precisely record and analyze movements for motor behavioral studies.
reaction time?
how quickly the movement begins after a signal
novel learning tasks?
studies early stages of learning; simple tasks to learn how beginners learn new motor skills,
kinematics?
measures movements: location, velocity, and acceleration
how can learning be affected by its environment such as?
practice, feedback (intrinsic or extrinsic), and transfer
what is intrinsic feedback?
person’s own feelings, sensory system, individual produce movement proprioception sense of your body in space
what is extrinsic feedback?
information that the learner could not obtain alone, should be corrective and provided for about half the trials, and must be followed by sufficient time to make corrections before trying again. watching performance on video, coach comments, Extrinsic feedback: The coach has Knowledge of results (the outcome) and knowledge of performance (how well the performer played)
Ex: Player could Watching their own performance on video, listening to coach’s comments, final score in a game)
what is knowledge of performance?
process of movement
what is knowledge of results?
outcome of movement
what is the motor program?
proposed memory mechanism that allows us to control movements. As motor programs developed, they become more autonomic, thus allowing us to concentrate on using movements in performance situations
what are the 5 study areas of motor control?
1.Degrees of freedom: Coordination of movement (multiple performances of movements to achieve the same goal)- Ex: Multiple elbow rotations and muscles involved are degrees of freedom in movement coordination)
2.Motor equivalency- the ability to complete certain tasks by utilizing parts of the body under different conditions, for example- writing a letter using your arm whilst warm and writing a letter using your arm whilst extremely cold.
3.Serial order of movements: Sequencing and timing of movement behaviors
4.Perceptual integration during movement- integrating visual input into organized collection of surfaces and objects
5.Skill acquisition=motor learning
In order to study physical activity, you must?
understand physiology, biomechanics,and motor behavior underlying the development of the movement in order to address problems such as how children gain control of movement skills
what is sarcopenia?
loss of skeletal muscle; slowing down of the nervous system; old age common
what does motor behavior address?
how the brain and nervous system adjust to an increase in cognitive function, body size, and strength during childhood and to decrease in those variables as people age
information processing?
the brain stores all the commands to be eventually sent to the muscles to perform a response
Motor control?
the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement
Motor learning?
acquisition of skilled movements as a result of practice
Motor development?
Motor development (developmental view of motor learning and motor control across a life span)
types of research methods?
Types of studies (experimental designs)
Between group
Within group
Descriptive (participants receive no treatment)
Studying the early stages of learning (novel tasks)
Studying expert performers
Measuring movements (kinematics)
Movement task characteristics (continuous vs. discrete)
Measuring learning and transfer (retention and transfer)
