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2024 Fall Term > KIN 255 Lecture 2 > Flashcards

KIN 255 Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

specialized cells or endings of cells that convert stimulus energy to electrical potentials that can be transmitted and interpreted by the nervous system

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2
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

convert mechanical energy

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3
Q

Photoreceptors

A

convert light energy (photons)

absorb photons from visible light wavelengths leading to a chemical reaction that generates the receptor potential

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4
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

convert chemical energy

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5
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Convert thermal energy

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6
Q

From stimulus energy to electrical potential (receptor potential)

A

common to all sensory receptors:
A mechanism by the stimulus energy leads to a change in the electrochemical state of the cell or axon (called the receptor potential)

Converts the “passive” receptor potential into an action potential

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7
Q

How can a receptor represent certain types of stimulus information

A
  1. The type and modality of the stimulus
  2. The onset/offset/duration of the stimulus
  3. The intensity of the stimulus
  4. The location of the stimulus
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8
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of changes to external or internal state of the body

A

Touch (tactioception)

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9
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of the position/movement of body; force/effort of movement

A

Movement (proprioception)

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10
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of body position and movement in relation to gravity

A

Orientation (equilibrioception)

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11
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of surrounding environmental from sound waves

A

Hearing (audioception)

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12
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of objects/environment from visible light

A

Sight (opthalmoception)

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13
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of chemical odoratns in the nasal cavity

A

Smell (olfaction)

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14
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of substances that chemically react in mouth

A

Taste (gustaoception)

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15
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of pain relted to injury/damage

A

Pain (nociception)

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16
Q

Somatosensory sensory system

A

any mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptor, or nociceptor in skin, fatty tissue beneath skin, muscle or musculoskeletal tissue

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17
Q

Vestibular sensory system

A

mechanoreceptors within otoluths/labyrinths of inner ear

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18
Q

Visual sensory system

A

photoreceptors located in the retina

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19
Q

Auditory sensory system

A

mechanoreceptors located with in the cochlea within inner ear

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20
Q

Sensory receptors

A

modulate the dynamic properties of the receptor potential to convey information about timing

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21
Q

Fast adapting receptors

A

vigrous, but tansient , response to changes in stimulus energy

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22
Q

Slow adapting receptors

A

measured, but sustained, response while stimulus energy is constant

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23
Q

Axon location

A

innervate receptors of one modality, from a specific body area

Axons bundle together, but their signals remain separate until reaching “higher” areas of the nervous system

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24
Q

Somatotopic

A

preserved information about body location

25
Tonotopic
preserved information about sound frequency
26
Retinotopic
Preserved information about spatial locating in the visual field
27
How are photoreceptors unique from other sensory receptors
do not directly influence the sensory nerve (ganglion cell) they act via an intermediary called the bipolar cell
28
Bipolar cells in photoreceptors
they exert a stronger influence on the ganglion cell when the receptor potential is smaller (smaller receptor potential equates to stronger stimulus energy)
29
What are the types of photoreceptors
Rods (96%) and Cones (4%)
30
Rods of photoreceptors
located along the boundary of the retina Contain the pigment rhodopsin All rods have the same type of rhodopsin
30
Cones of photoreceptors
clustered in the center of the retina Contain the pigment iodopsin Three types of cones, each cone has a different form of iodopsin that is sensitive to a specific wavelength
30
Mechanoreceptor: hair cells
mediate auditory and vestibular senses embedded in the semicircular canals mediate out sense of angular head rotation
31
The tonotopic map
generated by the differential composition of the basilar membrane as it winds around the cochlea The locations of the specific axons generating action potentials represents a specific frequency of sound
32
Semi circuluar canals that mediate sense of angular head rotation
Horizantal canal - Head yaw (head side to side) Superior canal - Head pitch (nodding of the head) Posterior canal - Head roll (moving the head to touch shoulder)
33
Hair cells embedded in the otolith organs (mechanoreceptors: hair cells)
Hair cells embedded in the otolith organs mediate our perception of head translation and gravitational forces
34
Otolith organs: Utricle (Hair cells)
responsible for horizantal acceleration of the head
35
Otolith organs: Saccule (Hair cells)
responsible for the vertical acceleration of the head (relative to gravity)
36
Mechanoreceptors: Cutaneous receptors
translate mechanical forces acting on the skin into receptor potential through mechanically gated ion channels
37
What are the cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Meissner's corpuscles Pacinian corpuscle Merkel disk receptor Ruffini ending (SA)
38
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors : corpuscles
Na+ and Ca2+ ions channels on an exposed nerve ending are mechanically deformed as corpuscle is compressed
39
Merkel disk and Ruffini endings
Na+ and Ca2+ ions channels on an exposed nerve ending are mechanically deformed as skin is stretched Mechanical deformation creates a pore for ions to flow through
40
What are the superficial cutanous receptors (1)
Messner corpuscles (RA1) Merkel disk (SA1)
41
What are the deep cutaneous receptors (2)
Pacinian corpuscle (RA2) Ruffini ending (SA2)
42
what are the fast adapting cutaneous receptors (RA)
Meissner corpuscles (RA 1) Pacinian corpuscle (RA 2)
43
What are the slow adapting (SA)
Merkel disk (SA1) Ruffini ending (SA2)
44
Superficial cutaneous receptors
Have small receptive fields Are densely populated in areas of the skin used to explore objects
45
Deep receptors
Have larger receptive fields Are best situated to detect vibrations in objects (shifting liquid inside a water bottle)k
46
Mechanoreceptors: Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors translate mechanical forces generated by the body's own position and movement Internal sense of body
47
Proprioceptors: muscle spindle fibers
Tuned to sense muscle length (sensitive to stretch)
48
Proprioceptors: Golgi tendon organ
Tuned to sense muscle force
49
Proprioreceptors: Joint receptors
Tuned to sense (extreme) joint angles Protective against injury
50
Orientation of spindle fibers (proprioceptors)
Spindle fibers (intradusal muscle fibers) are positioned parallel to standard skeletal muscles fibers (extrafusal muscle fibers) Lengthen and shorten as extrafusal fibers contract and relax
51
What happens when muscle relaxation stretches the spindle fibers (proprioceptors)
tension on the spindle fiber surface pulls open the mechanically gated ion channels influx of ions generates a receptor potential
52
What happens when muscle contraction releases stretch tension
mechanically gated ion channels fold in on themselves Ions channels become less permeable, decreasing the receptor potential
53
What are the two classes of spindle fibers (proprioceptors)
Dynamic Group Activity is a function of both muscle length and rate of change in muscle length Static Group Activity is a function of muscle length
54
Where are the Golgi Tendon Organs and how do they work???
located in series between the muscle fibers and the muscle tendon Forces generated by the mucles and transmitted to the bone (via the tendon) must act on the GTO
55
Mechanoreceptors: Nociceptive receptors
Nociceptive mechanoreceptors translate mechanical, chemical and thermal forces from damaged tissue or the threat of damage to tissue bare nerve endings
56
Nociceptors are senstivie to..
Thermal - activated by extreme temperatures Mechanical - activated by intense pressure on the skin Chemical - activated by internal or external toxins Polymodal - activated by chemical, thermal or mechanical stimuli

2024 Fall Term (4 decks)

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