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2024 Fall Term > KIN 255 Lecture 2 > Flashcards

KIN 255 Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

specialized cells or endings of cells that convert stimulus energy to electrical potentials that can be transmitted and interpreted by the nervous system

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2
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

convert mechanical energy

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3
Q

Photoreceptors

A

convert light energy (photons)

absorb photons from visible light wavelengths leading to a chemical reaction that generates the receptor potential

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4
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

convert chemical energy

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5
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Convert thermal energy

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6
Q

From stimulus energy to electrical potential (receptor potential)

A

common to all sensory receptors:
A mechanism by the stimulus energy leads to a change in the electrochemical state of the cell or axon (called the receptor potential)

Converts the “passive” receptor potential into an action potential

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7
Q

How can a receptor represent certain types of stimulus information

A
  1. The type and modality of the stimulus
  2. The onset/offset/duration of the stimulus
  3. The intensity of the stimulus
  4. The location of the stimulus
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8
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of changes to external or internal state of the body

A

Touch (tactioception)

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9
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of the position/movement of body; force/effort of movement

A

Movement (proprioception)

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10
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of body position and movement in relation to gravity

A

Orientation (equilibrioception)

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11
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of surrounding environmental from sound waves

A

Hearing (audioception)

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12
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of objects/environment from visible light

A

Sight (opthalmoception)

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13
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of chemical odoratns in the nasal cavity

A

Smell (olfaction)

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14
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of substances that chemically react in mouth

A

Taste (gustaoception)

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15
Q

What stimulus refers to the sense of pain relted to injury/damage

A

Pain (nociception)

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16
Q

Somatosensory sensory system

A

any mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptor, or nociceptor in skin, fatty tissue beneath skin, muscle or musculoskeletal tissue

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17
Q

Vestibular sensory system

A

mechanoreceptors within otoluths/labyrinths of inner ear

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18
Q

Visual sensory system

A

photoreceptors located in the retina

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19
Q

Auditory sensory system

A

mechanoreceptors located with in the cochlea within inner ear

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20
Q

Sensory receptors

A

modulate the dynamic properties of the receptor potential to convey information about timing

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21
Q

Fast adapting receptors

A

vigrous, but tansient , response to changes in stimulus energy

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22
Q

Slow adapting receptors

A

measured, but sustained, response while stimulus energy is constant

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23
Q

Axon location

A

innervate receptors of one modality, from a specific body area

Axons bundle together, but their signals remain separate until reaching “higher” areas of the nervous system

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24
Q

Somatotopic

A

preserved information about body location

25
Q

Tonotopic

A

preserved information about sound frequency

26
Q

Retinotopic

A

Preserved information about spatial locating in the visual field

27
Q

How are photoreceptors unique from other sensory receptors

A

do not directly influence the sensory nerve (ganglion cell)

they act via an intermediary called the bipolar cell

28
Q

Bipolar cells in photoreceptors

A

they exert a stronger influence on the ganglion cell when the receptor potential is smaller

(smaller receptor potential equates to stronger stimulus energy)

29
Q

What are the types of photoreceptors

A

Rods (96%) and Cones (4%)

30
Q

Rods of photoreceptors

A

located along the boundary of the retina

Contain the pigment rhodopsin

All rods have the same type of rhodopsin

30
Q

Cones of photoreceptors

A

clustered in the center of the retina

Contain the pigment iodopsin

Three types of cones, each cone has a different form of iodopsin that is sensitive to a specific wavelength

30
Q

Mechanoreceptor: hair cells

A

mediate auditory and vestibular senses

embedded in the semicircular canals mediate out sense of angular head rotation

31
Q

The tonotopic map

A

generated by the differential composition of the basilar membrane as it winds around the cochlea

The locations of the specific axons generating action potentials represents a specific frequency of sound

32
Q

Semi circuluar canals that mediate sense of angular head rotation

A

Horizantal canal - Head yaw (head side to side)
Superior canal - Head pitch (nodding of the head)
Posterior canal - Head roll (moving the head to touch shoulder)

33
Q

Hair cells embedded in the otolith organs (mechanoreceptors: hair cells)

A

Hair cells embedded in the otolith organs mediate our perception of head translation and gravitational forces

34
Q

Otolith organs: Utricle (Hair cells)

A

responsible for horizantal acceleration of the head

35
Q

Otolith organs: Saccule (Hair cells)

A

responsible for the vertical acceleration of the head (relative to gravity)

36
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Cutaneous receptors

A

translate mechanical forces acting on the skin into receptor potential through mechanically gated ion channels

37
Q

What are the cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

Meissner’s corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscle
Merkel disk receptor
Ruffini ending (SA)

38
Q

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors : corpuscles

A

Na+ and Ca2+ ions channels on an exposed nerve ending are mechanically deformed as corpuscle is compressed

39
Q

Merkel disk and Ruffini endings

A

Na+ and Ca2+ ions channels on an exposed nerve ending are mechanically deformed as skin is stretched

Mechanical deformation creates a pore for ions to flow through

40
Q

What are the superficial cutanous receptors (1)

A

Messner corpuscles (RA1)
Merkel disk (SA1)

41
Q

What are the deep cutaneous receptors (2)

A

Pacinian corpuscle (RA2)
Ruffini ending (SA2)

42
Q

what are the fast adapting cutaneous receptors (RA)

A

Meissner corpuscles (RA 1)
Pacinian corpuscle (RA 2)

43
Q

What are the slow adapting (SA)

A

Merkel disk (SA1)
Ruffini ending (SA2)

44
Q

Superficial cutaneous receptors

A

Have small receptive fields
Are densely populated in areas of the skin used to explore objects

45
Q

Deep receptors

A

Have larger receptive fields
Are best situated to detect vibrations in objects (shifting liquid inside a water bottle)k

46
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Proprioceptors

A

Proprioceptors translate mechanical forces generated by the body’s own position and movement

Internal sense of body

47
Q

Proprioceptors: muscle spindle fibers

A

Tuned to sense muscle length (sensitive to stretch)

48
Q

Proprioceptors: Golgi tendon organ

A

Tuned to sense muscle force

49
Q

Proprioreceptors: Joint receptors

A

Tuned to sense (extreme) joint angles
Protective against injury

50
Q

Orientation of spindle fibers (proprioceptors)

A

Spindle fibers (intradusal muscle fibers) are positioned parallel to standard skeletal muscles fibers (extrafusal muscle fibers)

Lengthen and shorten as extrafusal fibers contract and relax

51
Q

What happens when muscle relaxation stretches the spindle fibers (proprioceptors)

A

tension on the spindle fiber surface pulls open the mechanically gated ion channels

influx of ions generates a receptor potential

52
Q

What happens when muscle contraction releases stretch tension

A

mechanically gated ion channels fold in on themselves

Ions channels become less permeable, decreasing the receptor potential

53
Q

What are the two classes of spindle fibers (proprioceptors)

A

Dynamic Group
Activity is a function of both muscle length and rate of change in muscle length

Static Group
Activity is a function of muscle length

54
Q

Where are the Golgi Tendon Organs and how do they work???

A

located in series between the muscle fibers and the muscle tendon

Forces generated by the mucles and transmitted to the bone (via the tendon) must act on the GTO

55
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Nociceptive receptors

A

Nociceptive mechanoreceptors translate mechanical, chemical and thermal forces from damaged tissue or the threat of damage to tissue

bare nerve endings

56
Q

Nociceptors are senstivie to..

A

Thermal - activated by extreme temperatures

Mechanical - activated by intense pressure on the skin

Chemical - activated by internal or external toxins

Polymodal - activated by chemical, thermal or mechanical stimuli

2024 Fall Term (4 decks)

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