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2024 Fall Term > KIN 255 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

KIN 255 Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the nervous system

A

about 50% of cells that make up nervous system are neruons

Remaining 50% of cells are glial cells

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2
Q

Sensory neuron

A

a neuron with a specialized ending that responds to specific stimuli (eg touch, temperature, light, sound vibration)

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3
Q

Afferent neuron

A

a neuron that transmits information into the central nervous system

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4
Q

Efferent neuron

A

a neuron that transmits out of the central nervous system to a muscle or organ

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5
Q

Motoneuron (or Motor Neuron)

A

a type of efferent neuron that synapses onto muscle cells to result in muscle contraction when activated.

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6
Q

Interneuron

A

a neuron that transmits signals between other neurons (not a sensory or motoneuron)

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7
Q

Synapse

A

a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron

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8
Q

Presynaptic

A

the cell on the side of the synapse that is sending the signal.

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9
Q

Postsynaptic

A

the cell on the side of the synapse that is receiving the signal.

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10
Q

Action potential

A

a short-term change all or none electrical potential on the surface of a cell (neuron or muscle cell) in response to stimulation that results in transmission of an electrical impulse across the cell membrane.

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11
Q

Motor Unit

A

is a single motor neuron and ALL of the muscle cells that the motor neuron synapses onto.

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12
Q

Sarcomere

A

the fundamental unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle. There can be 100’s of sarcomeres arranged in sequence within a single myofibril and many myofibrils make up a muscle cell. Sarcomere is composed of highly organized arrangement of myofilaments (composed mainly of actin & myosin) that can to interact with each other to generate force (slide across each other)

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13
Q

Glial cells

A
  1. Provide physical support/strcuture
  2. Supply nutrients and oxygen
  3. Insulate neurons
  4. Clean up debris
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14
Q

Oligodendrocytes are found in the

A

CNS

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15
Q

Schwann cells are found in the

A

PNS

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16
Q

Post synaptic potential

A

a graded electrochemical response

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17
Q

Action potential

A

An all or nothing electrochemical response

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18
Q

Post-synaptic potential from many dendrites converge

A

converge at the axon hillock
“Integration”

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19
Q

Gray matter

A

Groups of cell bodies, dendrites and terminal endings

Site of integration and transformation

20
Q

Groups of cell bodies in different nervous systems

A

Nuclei in central nervous system

Ganglia in peripheral nervous system

21
Q

White matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons

The pathways or fiber tracts connecting areas of grey matter

22
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Spinal cord, brain stem, cortex (within skeletal casing skull, spinal column)

23
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Parts of nervous system outside skeletal casing

24
Q

What is the PNS further subdivided into

A

somatic (skeletal muscle)
autonomic (smooth muscle and glands)

25
Q

What does the spinal cord contain

A
  • Fibre tracts; ascending (afferent- to the brain) and descending (efferent-from the brain)
  • Entry and exit zones to/from PNS
  • pools of interneurons that interact with ascending and descending projections
26
Q

Brain stem

A

collectively refer to the pons and medulla of the hindbrain and the midbrain

27
Q

Brain stem contain the

A

12 cranial nuclei and sensory and motor nerves that innervate the eyes, head , neck and upper trunk

Nuclei in the brainstem are critical to autonomic function, alertness, eye, and head movement

28
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain”
contains over 50% of the brain’s neurons

Dense afferent and efferent connections with the brain stem and cortex

Influences the activity of cortex and ascending/descending projections

29
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A group of subcortical nuclei that are adjaent to the thalamus and descending motor tracts

Important contribution to the control of movement, learning, cognition and emotions (initiation and termination of action)

30
Q

Thalamus

A

critical relay area between the cortex and other parts of CNS

Essential to sensorimotor processing and also plays role in alertness

All sensory input from the body (except for smell) passes through a thalamic nucleus

31
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Contributes to control of many internal body functions and regulation of homeostasis

Links between nervous system and endocrine system

32
Q

Gyri

A

protruding peaks of the folds of the cortex are called “gyri”

33
Q

Sulci

A

The deep valleys of the folds of the cortex

34
Q

Frontal lobe

A

“Executive function”
Action control - body movement, eye movement, speech

Control of high level cognitive/executive processes

Behaviour and emotional control center including personality

35
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Receives raw visual input from the visual thalamus

Early processing of colour, edges, motion of objects, self movement through the environment

36
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Receives and processes sensory information relating to touch and taste

Receives processed visual and auditory information from the occipital and temporal cortices

Integrates information from the senses for object perception, spatial awareness and motor control

37
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Receives raw auditory input from the thalamus

Early processing of sound (e.g intensity, pitch, location)

Storage and retrieval of memories

Combines visual information into object perceptions

Classification and grouping of objects

Emotion processing

38
Q

Amygdala and hippocampus

A

subcortical strcutures often lumped into the temporal lobe due to their strong connections with the medial part of the temporal lobe and common role in memory

39
Q

Brodmann Area

A

Regions of cortex grouped by the cytoarchitecture

Cytoarchitecture mirrors function creating a link between Brodmann Area and functional cortex taxonomy

40
Q

Primary cortex

A

first arrival of sensory input or last stop for motor output

41
Q

Secondary cortex

A

receives processed information

42
Q

Association Area/cortex

A

Another name for “secondary” that reflectes integration of information

43
Q

Each skeletal muscle cell receives inputs from more than one motoneuron.

A

False

44
Q

axon potentials originate at the

A

axon hillock

45
Q

neurotransmitters are released from the

A

pre-synaptic cell of a synapse

2024 Fall Term (4 decks)

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