KIN 255 Lecture 1

Question 1

What makes up the nervous system

Answer 1

about 50% of cells that make up nervous system are neruons

Remaining 50% of cells are glial cells

Question 2

Sensory neuron

Answer 2

a neuron with a specialized ending that responds to specific stimuli (eg touch, temperature, light, sound vibration)

Question 3

Afferent neuron

Answer 3

a neuron that transmits information into the central nervous system

Question 4

Efferent neuron

Answer 4

a neuron that transmits out of the central nervous system to a muscle or organ

Question 5

Motoneuron (or Motor Neuron)

Answer 5

a type of efferent neuron that synapses onto muscle cells to result in muscle contraction when activated.

Question 6

Interneuron

Answer 6

a neuron that transmits signals between other neurons (not a sensory or motoneuron)

Question 7

Synapse

Answer 7

a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron

Question 8

Presynaptic

Answer 8

the cell on the side of the synapse that is sending the signal.

Question 9

Postsynaptic

Answer 9

the cell on the side of the synapse that is receiving the signal.

Question 10

Action potential

Answer 10

a short-term change all or none electrical potential on the surface of a cell (neuron or muscle cell) in response to stimulation that results in transmission of an electrical impulse across the cell membrane.

Question 11

Motor Unit

Answer 11

is a single motor neuron and ALL of the muscle cells that the motor neuron synapses onto.

Question 12

Sarcomere

Answer 12

the fundamental unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle. There can be 100’s of sarcomeres arranged in sequence within a single myofibril and many myofibrils make up a muscle cell. Sarcomere is composed of highly organized arrangement of myofilaments (composed mainly of actin & myosin) that can to interact with each other to generate force (slide across each other)

Question 13

Glial cells

Answer 13

1. Provide physical support/strcuture
2. Supply nutrients and oxygen
3. Insulate neurons
4. Clean up debris

Question 14

Oligodendrocytes are found in the

Answer 14

CNS

Question 15

Schwann cells are found in the

Answer 15

PNS

Question 16

Post synaptic potential

Answer 16

a graded electrochemical response

Question 17

Action potential

Answer 17

An all or nothing electrochemical response

Question 18

Post-synaptic potential from many dendrites converge

Answer 18

converge at the axon hillock
“Integration”

Question 19

Gray matter

Answer 19

Groups of cell bodies, dendrites and terminal endings

Site of integration and transformation

Question 20

Groups of cell bodies in different nervous systems

Answer 20

Nuclei in central nervous system

Ganglia in peripheral nervous system

Question 21

White matter

Answer 21

bundles of myelinated axons

The pathways or fiber tracts connecting areas of grey matter

Question 22

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 22

Spinal cord, brain stem, cortex (within skeletal casing skull, spinal column)

Question 23

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 23

Parts of nervous system outside skeletal casing

Question 24

What is the PNS further subdivided into

Answer 24

somatic (skeletal muscle)
autonomic (smooth muscle and glands)

Question 25

What does the spinal cord contain

Answer 25

- Fibre tracts; ascending (afferent- to the brain) and descending (efferent-from the brain) - Entry and exit zones to/from PNS - pools of interneurons that interact with ascending and descending projections

Question 26

Brain stem

Answer 26

collectively refer to the pons and medulla of the hindbrain and the midbrain

Question 27

Brain stem contain the

Answer 27

12 cranial nuclei and sensory and motor nerves that innervate the eyes, head , neck and upper trunk Nuclei in the brainstem are critical to autonomic function, alertness, eye, and head movement

Question 28

Cerebellum

Answer 28

"little brain" contains over 50% of the brain's neurons Dense afferent and efferent connections with the brain stem and cortex Influences the activity of cortex and ascending/descending projections

Question 29

Basal Ganglia

Answer 29

A group of subcortical nuclei that are adjaent to the thalamus and descending motor tracts Important contribution to the control of movement, learning, cognition and emotions (initiation and termination of action)

Question 30

Thalamus

Answer 30

critical relay area between the cortex and other parts of CNS Essential to sensorimotor processing and also plays role in alertness All sensory input from the body (except for smell) passes through a thalamic nucleus

Question 31

Hypothalamus

Answer 31

Contributes to control of many internal body functions and regulation of homeostasis Links between nervous system and endocrine system

Question 32

Gyri

Answer 32

protruding peaks of the folds of the cortex are called "gyri"

Question 33

Sulci

Answer 33

The deep valleys of the folds of the cortex

Question 34

Frontal lobe

Answer 34

"Executive function" Action control - body movement, eye movement, speech Control of high level cognitive/executive processes Behaviour and emotional control center including personality

Question 35

Occipital lobe

Answer 35

Receives raw visual input from the visual thalamus Early processing of colour, edges, motion of objects, self movement through the environment

Question 36

Parietal lobe

Answer 36

Receives and processes sensory information relating to touch and taste Receives processed visual and auditory information from the occipital and temporal cortices Integrates information from the senses for object perception, spatial awareness and motor control

Question 37

Temporal lobe

Answer 37

Receives raw auditory input from the thalamus Early processing of sound (e.g intensity, pitch, location) Storage and retrieval of memories Combines visual information into object perceptions Classification and grouping of objects Emotion processing

Question 38

Amygdala and hippocampus

Answer 38

subcortical strcutures often lumped into the temporal lobe due to their strong connections with the medial part of the temporal lobe and common role in memory

Question 39

Brodmann Area

Answer 39

Regions of cortex grouped by the cytoarchitecture Cytoarchitecture mirrors function creating a link between Brodmann Area and functional cortex taxonomy

Question 40

Primary cortex

Answer 40

first arrival of sensory input or last stop for motor output

Question 41

Secondary cortex

Answer 41

receives processed information

Question 42

Association Area/cortex

Answer 42

Another name for "secondary" that reflectes integration of information

Question 43

Each skeletal muscle cell receives inputs from more than one motoneuron.

Answer 43

False

Question 44

axon potentials originate at the

Answer 44

axon hillock

Question 45

neurotransmitters are released from the

Answer 45

pre-synaptic cell of a synapse