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Spring Term 2024 > KIN 232 Module 3 > Flashcards

KIN 232 Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic research

A

conducted to increase knowledge and fundamental understanding of the physical, chemical and functional mechanisms of life processes and disease.

Not directed to solving any particular problem in humans or animals

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2
Q

Applied research

A

involved the application of existing knowledge, much of which is obtained through basic research, to solve a practical problem

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3
Q

Clinical research

A

is patient or end user oriented research with human subjects. Patient-oriented research includes:
- Mechanisms of human disease
- Therapeutic interventions
- Clinical trials
- Development of new technologies

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4
Q

Translational research

A

part of a unidirectional continuum in which research findings are moved from the researcher’s bench to the patient’s bedside and to the community

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5
Q

Research design definitions: Descriptive

A

describes an outcome in a population

Characterizes who, where, or when in relation to the what (the outcome of interest)

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6
Q

Research design definitions: Analytical

A

Examines the relationship b/w intervention and outcome (independent/dependent variable, test hypothesis) the “how” and “why”

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7
Q

Research design definitions: Qualitative

A
  • Subjective/interpretive observations
  • Identifies themes in observations - forms narrative/story/essay
  • Does not test a hypothesis, but may lead to hypothesis development

ex. surveys, questionnaires, intervies

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8
Q

Research design definitions: Quantitative

A

Objects/ measurable / units
Test hypothesis

ex. physiological variables, frequencies, instances, numerical simulations

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9
Q

Strengths of qualitative

A

Generates new ideas or hypothesis

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10
Q

Strengths of quantitative

A

Test hypotheses and examines cause and effect relationships

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11
Q

Quantitative research designs

A
  1. Observational
  2. Experimental
  3. Quasi experimental
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12
Q

Observational design

A

is non manipulated studies/research

Researchers do not attempt to influence/manipulate participants or the surroundings

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13
Q

Experimental design

A

Is a manipulated study

Participants are randomized to receive intervention or control

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14
Q

Quasi-experimental design

A

lacking 1 or more element of experiemental research

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15
Q

The utility of observational research

A
  • Studying the otherwise un-studyable
  • Priortizing external validity
  • Generating research questions
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16
Q

Cross sectional observational research

A
  • participants are observed at one point in time
  • data/measurements are collected once
  • Outcomes: single measure, prevalence of disease/events
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17
Q

advantages of observational cross sectional design

A
  • less expensive
  • less likely to drop out bc of short time
  • controls for ‘period effects’
  • data on ALL variables are collected at one time
18
Q

disadvantages of observational cross sectional design

A
  • Do not know whether exposure happen before or after outcome
  • Associations identified between variables may be difficult to interpret
  • snapshot timing not guaranteed to be reflective of ‘ real world’ setting
19
Q

longitudinal observational research

A
  • participants observed over time
  • data/measurements are collected multiple times
  • outcome: change over times provides indication of INCIDENCE of disease
20
Q

advantages of longitudinal observational research

A
  • you may observe patterns in the outcome over time
  • establish an order of events
  • reduces call bias of participants
  • may provide insight into casual mechanisms
21
Q

disadvantages of longitudinal observational research

A
  • Time consuming and expensive
  • Usually requires a large sample size
  • Affected by ‘cohort effects’
  • Cannot be used to suggest causation - only associations
  • Despite temporal aspects - may not know if exposure precedes outcome
22
Q

Prevalence

A

refers to the total number of individuals in a population who have a disease or health condition at a specific period of time, usually expressed as a percentage of the population
Who has the disease now?

23
Q

Incidence

A

Incidence refers to the number of individuals who develop a specific diease or experience a specific heath-related event during a particular time period (such as a month or year)
Who will develop the disease over time?

24
Q

What are the two observational study designs

A

case-control study: participants are selected based on an outcome of interest (e.g hypertension)

cohort study: participants selected based on a population of interest, a longitudinal study

25
Q

Cohort

A

A collection or sampling of individuals who share common experiences and/or characteristics, such as age, sex, activity level, location, education

26
Q

Types of cohort studies

A

Prospective: (forward in time)
- recruit participants + track them forward in time
- Outcome is evaluated in the future

Retrospective:
- Recruit participant and identify past/historical exposures
- Outcome is evaluated at time of recruitment (present day)

27
Q

Advantages of cohort studies

A

Longitudinal : can determine temporal sequence of risk factors versus outcome

Best external validity: More likely to be representative of “real-life” scenario/environment

Representative : if the population is approrpiatley sampled, the risk estimates may be generalizable to the population

Multiple Exposures outcomes: Often multiple exposures and outcomes are evaluated wihtin one study

28
Q

Disadvantages of cohort studies

A
  • Large sample is required
  • Expensive (participant compensation, researchers/staff)
  • Attribution bias (over time people will drop out, tends to be people who are most sick)
  • Measurement bias: if measurement methods cange over time, this may alter rate/risk estimates. Hard to measure certain variables consistently over time
  • Poor internal validity
29
Q

Population based recruitment strengths

A

cases are representative of population
results are generalizable to population

30
Q

Population based population weaknesses

A

more difficult to recruit, how do we find the cases?

31
Q

Hospital based recruitment strengths

A

easy to identify cases because they are already there
access to medical records

32
Q

Hospital based recruitment weaknesses

A

Typically are more sick as they seek out more treatment
May be different in other ways compared to general population

33
Q

Control group recruitment: How do we identify appropriate controls?

A

Want to match the controls as closely to the cases as possible

34
Q

Challenges in case-control studies : Selection bias

A

selection bias occurs when the subjects studied are not representative of the target population about which conclusions are to be drawn

35
Q

Challenges in case-control studies: Recall bias

A

a type of information bias common in case-control studies where the cases (or their families) are more likely to recall a prior exposure than the controls

36
Q

Challenges in Case-control studies: Misclassification

A

Non- differential misclassification: cases and controls are misclassified equally , will make detection of a true effect less likely

Differential misclassification: only one group (cases or control) are misclassified, can alter the magnitude and/or direction of the effect

37
Q

Case control studies

A

can be cross sectional, or longitudinal (always retrospective)

38
Q

Absolute risk

A

the actual risk of some event happening given the current exposure. There is no comparison between groups.

39
Q

Relative risk

A
40
Q

Odds ratios

A

a measure of how strongly an event is associated with exposure.
The odds ratio is a ratio of two sets of odds: the odds of the event occuring in an exposed group versus the odds of the event occurring in a non-exposed group

The larger the odds ratio, the higher odds that the event will occur following exposure.

A ration equal to 1 means there’s no association between exposure and event ( a # greater than 1 will increase odds)

Spring Term 2024 (5 decks)

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