Kin 232 Module 1

Question 1

What are the sources of knowledge

Answer 1

1. Tradition
2. Authority
3. Trial and Error
4. Deductive and Inductive reasoning

Question 2

Tradition (pros + cons)

Answer 2

Skills and knowledge handed down over time:
Advantage: Each subsequent generation starts with a more advanced state of knowledge , greater component of training than ongoing education

Disadvantage: Anecdotal, Not necessarily in-line with current evidence

Question 3

Authority (pros + cons)

Answer 3

Specialist in a particular area
Advantage: detailed knowledge within their field

Disadvantage: Only works if using current, best practices - often why there is continuing education requirements

Question 4

Trial and Error (pros + cons)

Answer 4

Process of repeating attempts in order to achieve a particular outcome, Alter the attempt each time until success or failure

Advantages: changes based on evidene

Disadvantages: Unsystematic (lots of effort), difficult to determine what causes the outcome, often results are not shared/communicated

Question 5

Deductive and inductive reasoning

Answer 5

Application of logical reasoning to come up with a solution

Question 6

Deductive reasoning

Answer 6

Apply General observation/assumptions to specific conclusion/situations

ex. people w hypertension are more likely to get dementia
taking diuretics reduces blood pressure/decreases risk of dementia

Question 7

Inductive reasoning

Answer 7

Begin with information from specific instances/observations and you generalize or extrapolate results to a wider range of situations or to a larger population

specific observation to a general conclusion

ex. exercise training may improve stability in older adults

Question 8

Inductive and deductive reasoning is for

Answer 8

• developing a research question
• Answering and interpreting research question

Question 9

Necessary

Answer 9

condition A is said to be necessary for condition B , if the falsity (nonexistence) of A guarantees the falsity (non existence) of B

ex. Air is necessary for human life

Question 10

Sufficient

Answer 10

Condition A is said to be sufficient for Condition B, if the truth (existence) of A guarantees the truth (existence) of B

ex. Air is insufficient for human life (need more that that)

Question 11

Primary article (empirical study)

Answer 11

a primary study is one that aims to gain new knowledge on a topic through direct or indirect observation and research.

These include quantitative or qualitative data and analysis

Question 12

Review article

Answer 12

a review article provides a summary of existing research in a field/topic area/ There are several common types of review articles

condensed

Question 13

What are the common types of review articles

Answer 13

• Narrative reviews (literature reviews) - summarizes some of the existing evidence in a field or topic
• Scoping reviews - these are broad reviews that aim to gether as much evidence as possible and maps the evidence into themes
• Systematic reviews - these are highly structured reviews that utilize pre-planned methods to include/exclude articles

Question 14

What types of journal articles are there

Answer 14

Meta analysis

Case studies

Question 15

Meta analysis

Answer 15

a type of research study that combines and/or analyzes data from different primary studies in a new analysis in order to strengthen the understanding of a particular topic

Question 16

Case studies

Answer 16

report scentific instances of interesting phenomena. A goal of case studies is to make other researchers aware of the possibility that a specific phenomenon might occur

Question 17

The scientific method

Answer 17

Have preconception (theory)
Make prediction from preconception (hypothesis)
Conduct experiment/obtain data to compare
Update preconception from data (induction/deduction)

Question 18

Variables

Answer 18

Anything you observe or measure

Question 19

Construct

Answer 19

A useful “idea” represented by 1 or more variables

Question 20

Hypothesis

Answer 20

A prediction of what you think will happen

Question 21

Theory

Answer 21

A systematic synopsis of interrelated constructs/variables

specify relationships among variables and represent a systematic view of specific phenomena

Question 22

Model

Answer 22

Simplified representation of a complex phenomenon - they can incorporate multiple theories

Question 23

Why do we need theories?

Answer 23

1/ Summarizes existing knowledge/observations
- organizes multiple studies and ideas
- induction: specific observations to generalizations

2/Predicts future events
- that can/cannot be observed
- Deductio; general theory to specific instances

3/Generates hypotheses
- Tests of hypotheses support or refute theories
- Stimulate development of new knowledge