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Pathophysiology Final Exam (Exam 4) > Kidneys and Accessories > Flashcards

Kidneys and Accessories Flashcards

1
Q

functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

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2
Q

where is plasma filtered in the kidney

A

nephron

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3
Q

two parts of a nephron

A

vascular part

tubular part

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4
Q

only part of the nephron that dips down into the medulla

A

loop of henle

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5
Q

normal adult GFR

A

100ml/min

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6
Q

most reabsorption occurs where

A

in the proximal tubule (some in distal too)

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7
Q

what is the cause of Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

A

burn of hemorrhagic injury leading to fluid loss

trauma of some sort

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8
Q

what happens in ATN

A

lots of fluid is being lost so the renal tubules constrict to conserve fluid which can cause the renal tubules to become ischemic

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9
Q

What is Rhabdomyolysis

A

the release of myoglobin with muscle injury. if this gets into the small vessels of the kidneys it can clog the kidneys and cause necrosis

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10
Q

what two things cause an increase in blood pressure with decreased renal blood flow

A

increase in peripheral vasoconstriction

increase in plasma volume

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11
Q

inflammation of the renal pelvis

A

Pyelonephritis

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12
Q

Cystitis is what

A

urinary bladder infection

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13
Q

Is cystitis seen more in males or females

A

females

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14
Q

flank pain is common with what

A

pyelonephritis

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15
Q

inflammation of the glomeruli

A

glomerulopnephrits

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16
Q

what can lead to glomerulonephritis

A

Strep throat

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17
Q

what type of immune reactions is acute glomerulonephritis

A

3

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18
Q

what happens in acute glomerulonephritis

A

antigen-antibody complex accumulates in the subpeipthelial space, so not good at filtering

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19
Q

does acute glomeruloneprhtis occur mostly in kids or adults

A

kids

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20
Q

what are glomerular crescents

A

proliferating cells in Bowman’s capsule that are filling Bowman’s space during rapdily progressigng glomerulonephritis

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21
Q

what does hyaline contain

A

fibrin

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22
Q

what type of glomerulonephritis does hyalinaization occur in

A

chronic

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23
Q

sx of acute glomerulonephritis

A 
HTN
Proteinuriia (protein in urine
Hypoproteinmia (protein in blood is low)
Edema
Electrolyte imbalance (headaches, nausea, vomiting, muscle spasms, heart issues like dysrhythmias)
24
Q

What is Tam-Horsfall Protein

A

24 hour trace protein. this is a normal finding

25
what accumulates around the glomeruli in bowman's space with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
fibrin (this is fatal in 2 years due to lack of filtration)
26
What is Goodpasture's syndrome
Immune reaction to Goodpastures antigen. This causes diffuse glomerular loss due to subepithelial immune complexes
27
what two things does Goodpasture's syndrome affect
kidneys and lungs (can lead to filtration issues as well as repiratory distress)
28
true or false: Goodpasture's Syndrome is a Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
true
29
uremic syndrome is the same thing as _____
Renal failure
30
is diffuse diabetic or nodular diabetic diabetic neuropahthy most common
diffuse
31
what type of respirations are seen with ESRD
Kussmauls to comepensate for the acidosis
32
when electrolytes pass from renal interstitial fluid to the tubules
secretion
33
when electrolytes pass from kidneys via the urine
excretion
34
where does filtration occur
Glomerular-Bowman's Capsule Interface
35
where does Reabsorption occur
the tubules
36
is there high levels of Na or K with ESRD
K (low Na)
37
renal osteodystrophy is due to what
decreased vit d
38
why do bones break easier in people with kidney dz
bc the kidneys activate vit d which makes bones strong by absorbing Ca from the GI tract
39
retention of nitrogenous metabolic waste =
Azotemia
40
high BUN suggests what
renal failure
41
high urea, creatine, and uric acid may suggest what
renal failure
42
renal induced anemia results from what
lack of EPO (which is made by the kidneys and helps increase the rate of prodcution of mature RBCs)
43
what is uremic frost
caused by metabolic byproducts diffusing out into the skin
44
Options for prserving life in ESRD
Hemoialysis (in clinic) Peritoneal Dialysis (at home) Renal transplant
45
Is acute renal failure reversible
yes (recovery in 6-8 weeks)
46
causes of ARF
kidney stones acute prostatic hypertrophy Urinary bladder tumor Nephrotoxin consumption (exposure to lead or mercury Acute interstitial nephritis (allergic reaction to meds ATN Pigment release (myoglobin or hemoglobin release)
47
causes of CRF
``` chronic glomerulonephtris chronic hypertensive vascular dz collagen vascular dz (lupus) chronic pyelonephtritis polycystic kidney dz (heridiatry) renal tubule acidosis (RTA-- inability of renal tubules to process acid)...involves accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine elevated blood uric acid hyperthyroidsism (calcium deposits in the kidneys) ....leads to kidney stones amyloidosis nephrotoxins Chronic obstuction (BPH or prostate cancer) neurogenic bladder renal cell carcionoma DM ```
48
Hydronephrosis is what
back pressure from the UB to the kidney
49
where does a renal cell carcionoma arise
proximal convoluted tubule
50
normal range for BUN
6-20 mg%
51
normal range for blood creanine
less than 1.5%mg
52
normal range for 24 hour urine blood volume
1200-1500ml
53
what looks like a cobra head
urterocele/pyelocele
54
what type of tumors are the UB are most common
transitional cell tumors
55
risk factor for UB cancer
smoking and airborne carcinogens
56
risk factors for uretral cancer
hx of bladder cancer chronic urethral inflammation being over 60 female
57
what is hypospadias
when the penile urethra does not close completely --young male babies

Pathophysiology Final Exam (Exam 4) (7 decks)

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