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Pathophysiology Final Exam (Exam 4) > Kidneys and Accessories > Flashcards

Kidneys and Accessories Flashcards

1
Q

functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

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2
Q

where is plasma filtered in the kidney

A

nephron

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3
Q

two parts of a nephron

A

vascular part

tubular part

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4
Q

only part of the nephron that dips down into the medulla

A

loop of henle

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5
Q

normal adult GFR

A

100ml/min

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6
Q

most reabsorption occurs where

A

in the proximal tubule (some in distal too)

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7
Q

what is the cause of Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

A

burn of hemorrhagic injury leading to fluid loss

trauma of some sort

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8
Q

what happens in ATN

A

lots of fluid is being lost so the renal tubules constrict to conserve fluid which can cause the renal tubules to become ischemic

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9
Q

What is Rhabdomyolysis

A

the release of myoglobin with muscle injury. if this gets into the small vessels of the kidneys it can clog the kidneys and cause necrosis

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10
Q

what two things cause an increase in blood pressure with decreased renal blood flow

A

increase in peripheral vasoconstriction

increase in plasma volume

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11
Q

inflammation of the renal pelvis

A

Pyelonephritis

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12
Q

Cystitis is what

A

urinary bladder infection

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13
Q

Is cystitis seen more in males or females

A

females

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14
Q

flank pain is common with what

A

pyelonephritis

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15
Q

inflammation of the glomeruli

A

glomerulopnephrits

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16
Q

what can lead to glomerulonephritis

A

Strep throat

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17
Q

what type of immune reactions is acute glomerulonephritis

A

3

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18
Q

what happens in acute glomerulonephritis

A

antigen-antibody complex accumulates in the subpeipthelial space, so not good at filtering

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19
Q

does acute glomeruloneprhtis occur mostly in kids or adults

A

kids

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20
Q

what are glomerular crescents

A

proliferating cells in Bowman’s capsule that are filling Bowman’s space during rapdily progressigng glomerulonephritis

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21
Q

what does hyaline contain

A

fibrin

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22
Q

what type of glomerulonephritis does hyalinaization occur in

A

chronic

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23
Q

sx of acute glomerulonephritis

A 
HTN
Proteinuriia (protein in urine
Hypoproteinmia (protein in blood is low)
Edema
Electrolyte imbalance (headaches, nausea, vomiting, muscle spasms, heart issues like dysrhythmias)
24
Q

What is Tam-Horsfall Protein

A

24 hour trace protein. this is a normal finding

25
Q

what accumulates around the glomeruli in bowman’s space with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

fibrin (this is fatal in 2 years due to lack of filtration)

26
Q

What is Goodpasture’s syndrome

A

Immune reaction to Goodpastures antigen. This causes diffuse glomerular loss due to subepithelial immune complexes

27
Q

what two things does Goodpasture’s syndrome affect

A

kidneys and lungs (can lead to filtration issues as well as repiratory distress)

28
Q

true or false: Goodpasture’s Syndrome is a Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

A

true

29
Q

uremic syndrome is the same thing as _____

A

Renal failure

30
Q

is diffuse diabetic or nodular diabetic diabetic neuropahthy most common

A

diffuse

31
Q

what type of respirations are seen with ESRD

A

Kussmauls to comepensate for the acidosis

32
Q

when electrolytes pass from renal interstitial fluid to the tubules

A

secretion

33
Q

when electrolytes pass from kidneys via the urine

A

excretion

34
Q

where does filtration occur

A

Glomerular-Bowman’s Capsule Interface

35
Q

where does Reabsorption occur

A

the tubules

36
Q

is there high levels of Na or K with ESRD

A

K (low Na)

37
Q

renal osteodystrophy is due to what

A

decreased vit d

38
Q

why do bones break easier in people with kidney dz

A

bc the kidneys activate vit d which makes bones strong by absorbing Ca from the GI tract

39
Q

retention of nitrogenous metabolic waste =

A

Azotemia

40
Q

high BUN suggests what

A

renal failure

41
Q

high urea, creatine, and uric acid may suggest what

A

renal failure

42
Q

renal induced anemia results from what

A

lack of EPO (which is made by the kidneys and helps increase the rate of prodcution of mature RBCs)

43
Q

what is uremic frost

A

caused by metabolic byproducts diffusing out into the skin

44
Q

Options for prserving life in ESRD

A

Hemoialysis (in clinic)
Peritoneal Dialysis (at home)
Renal transplant

45
Q

Is acute renal failure reversible

A

yes (recovery in 6-8 weeks)

46
Q

causes of ARF

A

kidney stones
acute prostatic hypertrophy
Urinary bladder tumor
Nephrotoxin consumption (exposure to lead or mercury
Acute interstitial nephritis (allergic reaction to meds
ATN
Pigment release (myoglobin or hemoglobin release)

47
Q

causes of CRF

A 
chronic glomerulonephtris
chronic hypertensive vascular dz
collagen vascular dz (lupus) 
chronic pyelonephtritis 
polycystic kidney dz (heridiatry) 
renal tubule acidosis (RTA-- inability of renal tubules to process acid)...involves accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine
elevated blood uric acid 
hyperthyroidsism (calcium deposits in the kidneys) ....leads to kidney stones
amyloidosis
nephrotoxins
Chronic obstuction (BPH or prostate cancer)  
neurogenic bladder
renal cell carcionoma 
DM
48
Q

Hydronephrosis is what

A

back pressure from the UB to the kidney

49
Q

where does a renal cell carcionoma arise

A

proximal convoluted tubule

50
Q

normal range for BUN

A

6-20 mg%

51
Q

normal range for blood creanine

A

less than 1.5%mg

52
Q

normal range for 24 hour urine blood volume

A

1200-1500ml

53
Q

what looks like a cobra head

A

urterocele/pyelocele

54
Q

what type of tumors are the UB are most common

A

transitional cell tumors

55
Q

risk factor for UB cancer

A

smoking and airborne carcinogens

56
Q

risk factors for uretral cancer

A

hx of bladder cancer
chronic urethral inflammation
being over 60
female

57
Q

what is hypospadias

A

when the penile urethra does not close completely –young male babies

Pathophysiology Final Exam (Exam 4) (7 decks)

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