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Pathophysiology Final Exam (Exam 4) > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

when the pancreas is not producing insulin

A

type 1 diabetes

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2
Q

reduced insulin sensitivity

A

type 2 diabetes

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3
Q

what is the leading cause of death for those with diabetes

A

heart dz

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4
Q

what is the leading cause of blindness

A

diabetes mellitus

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5
Q

what is the leading US cause of LE amputations

A

diabetes

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6
Q

what is the leading cause of kidney dz in the US

A

Diabetic nephropathy

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7
Q

what characterizes diabetic nephropathy

A

elevated protein (albumin) in the urine

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8
Q

What do beta cell produce and secrete

A

insulin

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9
Q

what does insulin do

A

lowers blood glucose by transporting glucose across cell membranes

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10
Q

explain how insulin gets glucose inside the cell

A
  1. Insulin attatches to insulin receptors
  2. This activates Glucose Transporters (G4)
  3. G4 transports glucose across the cell membrane
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11
Q

what do alpha cells do

A

secrete glucagon which raises blood sugar

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12
Q

true or false: glucagon converts liver glycogen to glucose

A

true

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13
Q

what is secreted when there is high blood glucose

A

insulin by the beta cells

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14
Q

what is secreted when there is low blood glucose

A

glucagon by the alpha cells

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15
Q

normal glucose level

A

70-100%mg

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16
Q

prediabetes level

A

100-125mg%

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17
Q

diabetes level for FPG

A

over 126%

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18
Q

3 P’s that occur with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Polyuria

19
Q

what is Glycated hemoglobin (HGB A1C)

A

the average amount of glucose to which a RBC has been exposed during its life cycle (between 3-4 months)

20
Q

Above what value is diabtes for HGB A1C

A

Above 6.5%=DM

21
Q

Criteria for the Diagnosis of diabetes

A
  1. A1C over 6.5%
  2. FPG over 125mg/dl
  3. 2 hour plasma glucos over 200mg/dL
  4. Random plasma glucose over 200mg/dL
22
Q

true or false: glucose may be excreted in the urine after a meal of high carbs in someone with diabetes

A

true

23
Q

what is glucosuria

A

glucose renal tubular reabsorption ability is exceeded (too much

24
Q

Indicators of metabolic syndrome

A
  1. Central Obesity
  2. Hyperlipidemia
  3. Elevated BP
  4. Insulin resistance of glucose intolerance
  5. Prothrombotic state
  6. Proinflammatory state
25
Q

Triglycerides over ______ qualifies someone has having a risk factor for metabolic syndrome

A

150

26
Q

HDL less than ____qualifies someone as having a risk factor for metabolic syndrome

A

40 for men

50 for women

27
Q

A blood pressure over what qualifies someone for Metabolic syndrome

A

130/85

28
Q

A fasting glucose over _____qualifies someone as having a risk factor for metabolic syndrome

A

110

29
Q

what system is affected most with hypoglycemic shock

A

CNS

30
Q

Metformin and other Oral Hypoglycemic agents are used to treat type 1 or 2 diabetes

A

type 2

31
Q

Is Ketoacidosis more likely to occur with type 1, type 2, or both

A

type 1

32
Q

what is Ketoacidosis

A

an acidic state caused by elevated ketones in the blood due to incomplete breakdown of fatty acids

Not enough glucose is able to get into the cell bc of lack of insulin so it starts breaking down fat but cannot do this all the way bc glucose is required to breakdown fat, so ketones build up

33
Q

Metabolic acidosis is a pH below what`

A

7.35

34
Q

what type of breath is seen with ketoacidosis

A

acetone breath

35
Q

abnormal breakdown of fat bc someone cannot use glucose properly

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

36
Q

treatment for Ketoacidosis

A
  1. IV fluids
  2. Insulin
  3. correction of electrolyte
    disturbance
  4. Sodium Bicarbonate
37
Q

what is Diabetic Gastroparesis

A

Delayed gastric emptying due to autonomic neuropathy

There is Ileus (decreased peristalsis and poor apetite)

38
Q

What does Diabetes Insipidus impact

A

the posterior pituitrary and hypothalamus

39
Q

which hormone is impacted in diabetes insipidus and what is the result

A

ADH is impacted

ADH secretion is lost. ADH allows us to hold onto water and fluids, so when this is absent someone has to urinate a lot

40
Q

are electrolytes concentrated or dilute with diabetes insipidus

A

concentrated

41
Q

causes of diabetes insipidus

A
  1. head injury
  2. CNS infection
  3. Neurosurgery
  4. Tumors
42
Q

What is nephrogenic DI

A

when the kidneys do not respond to ADH (can be genetic or a result of meds)

43
Q

What is Dilutional Hyponatremia

A

when there is too much ADH being secreted so we hold onto too much water. This can lead to nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures. Low salt in the blood

Pathophysiology Final Exam (Exam 4) (7 decks)

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