Diabetes Flashcards
when the pancreas is not producing insulin
type 1 diabetes
reduced insulin sensitivity
type 2 diabetes
what is the leading cause of death for those with diabetes
heart dz
what is the leading cause of blindness
diabetes mellitus
what is the leading US cause of LE amputations
diabetes
what is the leading cause of kidney dz in the US
Diabetic nephropathy
what characterizes diabetic nephropathy
elevated protein (albumin) in the urine
What do beta cell produce and secrete
insulin
what does insulin do
lowers blood glucose by transporting glucose across cell membranes
explain how insulin gets glucose inside the cell
- Insulin attatches to insulin receptors
- This activates Glucose Transporters (G4)
- G4 transports glucose across the cell membrane
what do alpha cells do
secrete glucagon which raises blood sugar
true or false: glucagon converts liver glycogen to glucose
true
what is secreted when there is high blood glucose
insulin by the beta cells
what is secreted when there is low blood glucose
glucagon by the alpha cells
normal glucose level
70-100%mg
prediabetes level
100-125mg%
diabetes level for FPG
over 126%
3 P’s that occur with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Polyuria
what is Glycated hemoglobin (HGB A1C)
the average amount of glucose to which a RBC has been exposed during its life cycle (between 3-4 months)
Above what value is diabtes for HGB A1C
Above 6.5%=DM
Criteria for the Diagnosis of diabetes
- A1C over 6.5%
- FPG over 125mg/dl
- 2 hour plasma glucos over 200mg/dL
- Random plasma glucose over 200mg/dL
true or false: glucose may be excreted in the urine after a meal of high carbs in someone with diabetes
true
what is glucosuria
glucose renal tubular reabsorption ability is exceeded (too much
Indicators of metabolic syndrome
- Central Obesity
- Hyperlipidemia
- Elevated BP
- Insulin resistance of glucose intolerance
- Prothrombotic state
- Proinflammatory state
Triglycerides over ______ qualifies someone has having a risk factor for metabolic syndrome
150
HDL less than ____qualifies someone as having a risk factor for metabolic syndrome
40 for men
50 for women
A blood pressure over what qualifies someone for Metabolic syndrome
130/85
A fasting glucose over _____qualifies someone as having a risk factor for metabolic syndrome
110
what system is affected most with hypoglycemic shock
CNS
Metformin and other Oral Hypoglycemic agents are used to treat type 1 or 2 diabetes
type 2
Is Ketoacidosis more likely to occur with type 1, type 2, or both
type 1
what is Ketoacidosis
an acidic state caused by elevated ketones in the blood due to incomplete breakdown of fatty acids
Not enough glucose is able to get into the cell bc of lack of insulin so it starts breaking down fat but cannot do this all the way bc glucose is required to breakdown fat, so ketones build up
Metabolic acidosis is a pH below what`
7.35
what type of breath is seen with ketoacidosis
acetone breath
abnormal breakdown of fat bc someone cannot use glucose properly
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
treatment for Ketoacidosis
- IV fluids
- Insulin
- correction of electrolyte
disturbance - Sodium Bicarbonate
what is Diabetic Gastroparesis
Delayed gastric emptying due to autonomic neuropathy
There is Ileus (decreased peristalsis and poor apetite)
What does Diabetes Insipidus impact
the posterior pituitrary and hypothalamus
which hormone is impacted in diabetes insipidus and what is the result
ADH is impacted
ADH secretion is lost. ADH allows us to hold onto water and fluids, so when this is absent someone has to urinate a lot
are electrolytes concentrated or dilute with diabetes insipidus
concentrated
causes of diabetes insipidus
- head injury
- CNS infection
- Neurosurgery
- Tumors
What is nephrogenic DI
when the kidneys do not respond to ADH (can be genetic or a result of meds)
What is Dilutional Hyponatremia
when there is too much ADH being secreted so we hold onto too much water. This can lead to nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures. Low salt in the blood
