Endocrine System

Question 1

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 1

catecholamines

Question 2

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 2

steroid hormones

Question 3

what is phenochromocytoma

Answer 3

over secretion of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla

Question 4

regulation of aldosterone is via what

Answer 4

renin

Question 5

what does aldosterone do

Answer 5

helps us retain water and Na

helps us secrete K+ and H+ in the urine

Question 6

what regulates cortisol

Answer 6

ACTH (from the anterior pituitary gland)

Question 7

What does cortisol do

Answer 7

Raises blood glucose (from catabolism)–negative nitrogen balance due to protein depletion
Mobilizes/Redistributes fat
Suppressess the immune system

Question 8

what would be given to someone who just had an organ transplant and you want to suppress immune function

Answer 8

glucocorticoids (prednisone)

Question 9

name a glucocorticoid

Answer 9

cortisol

Question 10

What is Conn’s syndrome

Answer 10

primary hyperaldosteronism (adrenal hyperplasia)

Question 11

loss of H+ and K+ via secretion occurs with what

Answer 11

Hyperaldosteronism

Question 12

does metabolic alkalosis or acidosis occur with hyperaldosteronism

Answer 12

aklalosis

Question 13

are K+ levels too low or high with hyperaldosteronism

Answer 13

too low (bc H+ is being secereted in urine with the K+ but Na is staying inside the body)

Question 14

what causes secondary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 14

renal disease (excess renin which leads to excessive production of aldosterone)

Question 15

What is Cushing’s Syndrome

Answer 15

Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids
(primary = tumor)
(secondary = exogenous glucocorticoids….drugs)

Question 16

common things seen with Cushing’s

Answer 16

Moon face, thin skin, adipose tissue all over, stretch marks, thin lumbs but trunk obese, and poor healing (bruise a lot)

Question 17

Buffalo hump is seen with what

Answer 17

Cushing’s

Question 18

What can be a cause of left ventricular dilated hypertrophy

Answer 18

anabolic steroids

Question 19

what is Addison’s dz

Answer 19

Hyposecretion of aldosterone

Question 20

what would you see in someone with Addison’s dz

Answer 20

sodium loss, hypovolemic shock, hypotension, hyperkalemia, acidosis, hypermelanosis (Vitiligo)

Question 21

what secretes GH

Answer 21

the anterior pit

Question 22

what is somatostain

Answer 22

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (tells the anterior pituitray to produce less GH)

Question 23

what are some things that tells us to produce GHRH or somatostatin

Answer 23

circadian rhythm, stress, fasting

Question 24

Where does GH act by causing insulin like growth factors to be released

Answer 24

liver

Question 25

what are functions of GH

Answer 25

increase blood glucose, cartilage growth, and bone and tissue growth

Question 26

oversecretion of GH (STH) after growth plates have closed

Answer 26

Acromegaly

Question 27

Prognathism is seen in what

Answer 27

Acromegaly

Question 28

does height incr with acromegaly

Answer 28

no, just bulk

Question 29

tunnel vision is seen with what

Answer 29

acromegaly

Question 30

what is tunnel vision and what is it caused by

Answer 30

lateral visual fields impaired due to the medial retinal fibers being compromised

Question 31

increased GH before the growth plates have closed

Answer 31

Gigantism

Question 32

increase in height and size

Answer 32

Gignatism

Question 33

People with normal or large heads but short upper and lower limbs

Answer 33

Achondroplasia

Question 34

What is the function of T3 and T4

Answer 34

- controls rate of metabolic processes in the body | - influences physical/cognitive development

Question 35

what from the anterior pit causes T3 and T4 to be released from the thyroid

Answer 35

TSH

Question 36

Physiological effects of T3/T4

Answer 36

``` Incr metabolic rate Incr cardiac excitability Incr BP Incr GI motility, diarrhea Weight loss Hyperactive DTRs ```

Question 37

Hyperthyroidism =

Answer 37

Graves Dz

Question 38

what is exophthalmos and who is it seen in

Answer 38

increaed palpebral fissure and proptosis of the eyeballs. bug eyes. fat layers builds up behind the eyes so the eyes are pushed forward Seen in those with Graves Dz

Question 39

what is Myxedema

Answer 39

Hypothyroidism

Question 40

A colloid goiter would be seen in who and why

Answer 40

someone with iodine deficieny. this would occur bc iodine is needed to produce T3 and T4 in the thyroid, so as a result of the lack of iodine the thyroid enlarges as comepensation

Question 41

What is Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Answer 41

autoimmune dz destroying cells in the thymus leading to a lack of T3 and T4 (hypothyroidism)

Question 42

What is Cretinism

Answer 42

Congential Deficieny of thyroid hormones. leads to mental issues and stunted growth

Question 43

What is the role of PTH

Answer 43

to regulate calcium in the blood

Question 44

increased PTH leads to what

Answer 44

high blood Ca levels

Question 45

decreased PTH leads to what

Answer 45

low blood Ca levels

Question 46

Tetany with carpal spasm is due to what

Answer 46

PTH undersecretion

Question 47

what is Trousseau's sign and who is it seen in

Answer 47

helps see if someone has PTH undersecretion and tetany in the carpals

Question 48

A risorial grin and resp arrest is seen in who

Answer 48

those with PTH undersecretion

Question 49

True or false: PTH oversecretion cna lead to osteoporosis

Answer 49

true