Endocrine System Flashcards
what does the adrenal medulla secrete
catecholamines
what does the adrenal cortex secrete
steroid hormones
what is phenochromocytoma
over secretion of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla
regulation of aldosterone is via what
renin
what does aldosterone do
helps us retain water and Na
helps us secrete K+ and H+ in the urine
what regulates cortisol
ACTH (from the anterior pituitary gland)
What does cortisol do
Raises blood glucose (from catabolism)–negative nitrogen balance due to protein depletion
Mobilizes/Redistributes fat
Suppressess the immune system
what would be given to someone who just had an organ transplant and you want to suppress immune function
glucocorticoids (prednisone)
name a glucocorticoid
cortisol
What is Conn’s syndrome
primary hyperaldosteronism (adrenal hyperplasia)
loss of H+ and K+ via secretion occurs with what
Hyperaldosteronism
does metabolic alkalosis or acidosis occur with hyperaldosteronism
aklalosis
are K+ levels too low or high with hyperaldosteronism
too low (bc H+ is being secereted in urine with the K+ but Na is staying inside the body)
what causes secondary hyperaldosteronism
renal disease (excess renin which leads to excessive production of aldosterone)
What is Cushing’s Syndrome
Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids
(primary = tumor)
(secondary = exogenous glucocorticoids….drugs)
common things seen with Cushing’s
Moon face, thin skin, adipose tissue all over, stretch marks, thin lumbs but trunk obese, and poor healing (bruise a lot)
Buffalo hump is seen with what
Cushing’s
What can be a cause of left ventricular dilated hypertrophy
anabolic steroids
what is Addison’s dz
Hyposecretion of aldosterone
what would you see in someone with Addison’s dz
sodium loss, hypovolemic shock, hypotension, hyperkalemia, acidosis, hypermelanosis (Vitiligo)
what secretes GH
the anterior pit
what is somatostain
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (tells the anterior pituitray to produce less GH)
what are some things that tells us to produce GHRH or somatostatin
circadian rhythm, stress, fasting
Where does GH act by causing insulin like growth factors to be released
liver
what are functions of GH
increase blood glucose, cartilage growth, and bone and tissue growth
oversecretion of GH (STH) after growth plates have closed
Acromegaly
Prognathism is seen in what
Acromegaly
does height incr with acromegaly
no, just bulk
tunnel vision is seen with what
acromegaly
what is tunnel vision and what is it caused by
lateral visual fields impaired due to the medial retinal fibers being compromised
increased GH before the growth plates have closed
Gigantism
increase in height and size
Gignatism
People with normal or large heads but short upper and lower limbs
Achondroplasia
What is the function of T3 and T4
- controls rate of metabolic processes in the body
- influences physical/cognitive development
what from the anterior pit causes T3 and T4 to be released from the thyroid
TSH
Physiological effects of T3/T4
Incr metabolic rate Incr cardiac excitability Incr BP Incr GI motility, diarrhea Weight loss Hyperactive DTRs
Hyperthyroidism =
Graves Dz
what is exophthalmos and who is it seen in
increaed palpebral fissure and proptosis of the eyeballs. bug eyes. fat layers builds up behind the eyes so the eyes are pushed forward
Seen in those with Graves Dz
what is Myxedema
Hypothyroidism
A colloid goiter would be seen in who and why
someone with iodine deficieny. this would occur bc iodine is needed to produce T3 and T4 in the thyroid, so as a result of the lack of iodine the thyroid enlarges as comepensation
What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
autoimmune dz destroying cells in the thymus leading to a lack of T3 and T4 (hypothyroidism)
What is Cretinism
Congential Deficieny of thyroid hormones. leads to mental issues and stunted growth
What is the role of PTH
to regulate calcium in the blood
increased PTH leads to what
high blood Ca levels
decreased PTH leads to what
low blood Ca levels
Tetany with carpal spasm is due to what
PTH undersecretion
what is Trousseau’s sign and who is it seen in
helps see if someone has PTH undersecretion and tetany in the carpals
A risorial grin and resp arrest is seen in who
those with PTH undersecretion
True or false: PTH oversecretion cna lead to osteoporosis
true
