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Human Phisiology > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones do the kidneys produce?

A
  • Erythropoietin

- Renin

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2
Q

Does the kidney make urea?

A

No , its the liver

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3
Q

Does renin control directly kidney function?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What tube connect kidneys to bladder?

A

Ureter

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5
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

Bowman’s capsules, proximal and distal tubules

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6
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

Loop of Hence and collecting ducts

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7
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Functional units of kidneys made up of renal corpuscle (cortex) and renal tubule

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8
Q

Is the nephron all the same in length and epithelium along its length?

A

Nope

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9
Q

How does epithelium change along the nephron?

A
  • Proximal&raquo_space; ciliated cuboidal
  • Loop&raquo_space; thin squamous
  • Distal&raquo_space; cuboidal
  • Collecting&raquo_space; water channels
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10
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A network of capillaries surrounding the beginning of a nephron

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11
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Cells that with their foot processes surround capillaries and allow filtration of substances into bowman capsule

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12
Q

What is between the endothelium of capillaries and podocytes?

A

The basal lamina that repels proteins because it is -vely charged

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13
Q

What is macula densa?

A

A group of cells in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle which can sense salinity of the filtrate and can release paracrines and renin to control filtration rate

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14
Q

What effects has the restriction of afferent arterioles?

A

It increases resistance in the arterioles, and decreases GFR and Renal blood flow (RBF)

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15
Q

What effects has the constriction of efferent arterioles?

A

It increases resistance in arterioles and increases GFR but doesn’t affect RBF

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16
Q

Where is water reabsorbed in Loop of Hence?

A

In the descending limb and this bring osmolarity up making the filtrate a high strength salt solution

17
Q

Where are sodium ions reabsorbed in loop of Henle?

A

in the ascending limb

18
Q

How is Na+ transported back in the body ?

A

With the help of transporting epithelium. Na+ moves down electrochemical. gradient inside proximal tubule cell and then is pumped in interstitial fluid by Na+-K+ ATPase

19
Q

How is glucose transported with Na+?

A

Na+ goes down electrochemical. gradient by SGLT with glucose. Glucose is pumped out by GLUT protein in basolateral membrane whereas Na+ by na/k ATPase

20
Q

Explain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

Renin cuts angiotensinogen (by liver) into angiotensin 1 which is then converted into angiotensin 2 by ACE on endothelium of lungs especially.

Angiotensin 2 increases sympathetic activity, tubular reabsorption of salts and water, production of aldosterone by adrenal gland, stimulates arteriolar constriction and secretion of ADH by pituitary gland. All of this to increase water and salt retention and blood pressure.

21
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made of ?

A

Macula densa and granular cells which secrete renin and paracrine signals

22
Q

Where does aldosterone act?

A

P cells of Distal tubule influencing sodium uptake and potassium secretion

23
Q

Is aldosterone soluble in blood’

A

No it is carried bound to serumabumin

24
Q

Where is aldosterone synthesised from?

A

Cholesterol

25
Q

Describe aldosterone action

A

It diffuses freely into P cells and binds to a receptor. Taken into nucleus where it triggers transcription of new pumps(ATPases to pump inK and out Na), new channels ( on lumen side to

26
Q

Where does ADH act?

A

Mainly on the collecting duct.

27
Q

Describe mechanism of action of ASH

A

ADH binds to membrane receptors and activates cyclic AMP which mobilises storage vesicles to move to the membrane releasing Aquaporins so that membrane is more permeable to water

28
Q

What is atriak natriuretic peptide

A

A family of peptides that possess natriuretic, diuretic and vasodilating properties. They are antagonists of aldosterone

29
Q

Formula for GFR

A

urine conc of a sub. x urine flow / plasma conc of sub.

30
Q

Which substance is used in GFR measurements?

A

Creatine phosphate

31
Q

Why is creatine phosphate used in GFR measurements?

A

Because most of it is filtered in the glomerulus while only a small percentage is secreted in kidney’s distal tubule

32
Q

What is a normal GFR?

A

100 mL/minute/1.73 m2

33
Q

What are the main products of urine

A 
95% water
5%
-Urea
-Uric acid
-Creatinine
-Sodium Chloride
-Sulfates
-Phosphates
-Urobilinogen
34
Q

What are some abnormal constituents of urine?

A 
Glucose
Albumin
Blood
Ketones
White blood cells
Casts
35
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Poor secretion or response to ADH» collecting ducts are less permeable to water so we have large production of urine (polyuria)

Human Phisiology (8 decks)

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