Immunology

Question 1

Do lymphocytes contain granules?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

Do non-lymphocytes contain granules?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

Lymphocytes are part of the…

Answer 3

adaptive immune system

Question 4

Non-lymphocytes are part of the…

Answer 4

Innative immune system

Question 5

Never let monkeys eat bananas

Answer 5

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

Question 6

What are the two important types of lymphocytes?

Answer 6

B cells

T cells

Question 7

What is the main difference between macrophages and neutrophils?

Answer 7

Macrophages can phagocyte many pathogens before dying unlike neutrophils (kamikaze)

Question 8

What is the role and importance of dendritic cells?

Answer 8

Unlike other antigen presenting cells they can activate resting t cells

Question 9

What is the most abundant white cells in the blood

Answer 9

Neutrophils (never let monkeys eat bananas!)

Question 10

What are neutrophils called because of their nucleus ?

Answer 10

Polymorphs

Question 11

Do macrophages present antigen(mac) ?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What is the role of mast cells?

Answer 12

Release granules that contain histamine

Question 13

What is the role of Natural killer cells?

Answer 13

Destroying infected cells where the pathogen is . They can also target and kill tumour cells

Question 14

What do T cells do specifically?

Answer 14

When activated by a class-2-Mhc they get activated and start releasing cytokines which attract and activate other T cells. The activated T cell start s reproducing and differentiating into t-helper, t-memory…

Question 15

What do T-helper cells do?

Answer 15

They activate B cells which in turn produce antibodies

Question 16

What is humeral immunity mainly focused on?

Answer 16

On killing extracellular organisms

Question 17

What is cell-mediated immunity focused on?

Answer 17

Killing already infected cells

Question 18

Is complement part of innate or adaptive immune system?

Answer 18

innate

Question 19

Characteristics of adaptive immune system

Answer 19

1. Highly specific response
2. Memory of previous encounters
3. Resistance improved by repeated contact

Question 20

Which organs make up the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 20

Thymus and Spleen

Question 21

What is encapsulated secondary lymphoid tissue made of?

Answer 21

It is made of lymph nodes

Question 22

What do lymph nodes contain?

Answer 22

They contain leukocytes

Question 23

How do cytokines cause temperature rise?

Answer 23

Cytokines like TNF-alpha induce production of prostaglandin E2 which with histamine, serotonin stimulate vasodilation so that plasma can be filtered in the infected zone causing edema

Question 24

Stages of extravasation

Answer 24

1. Rolling
2. Capture
3. Adhesion
4. Spreading
5. Extravasation

Question 25

Roles of complement

Answer 25

1. Lysis | 2. Opsonization and chemotaxis

Question 26

How do t-cells cooperate to kill an infected self cell?

Answer 26

Macrophages digest viruses and expose a part of those virus in a class2 MHC. This is recognised by a Helper T cell which produces cytokines that will help the Killer-t cells. The infected cell exposes class1 MHC which is recognised by Killer T cells to cytotoxic T cells that kill it

Question 27

How do t-cells make antibodies?

Answer 27

They recognise the class 2 MHC on the surface of macrophage coming from a pathogen and they therefore activate a B cell which can either become a memory cell or be activated and become a plasma cell

Question 28

What is ADCC

Answer 28

Antibody dependent citotoxicity

Question 29

Types of antibodies and their roles

Answer 29

1. IgG - most common one, in blood mostly 2. IgA- protects parts of body exposed to outside world 3. IgM- first response to new pathogen 4. IgE- responsible for parasitic response and allergies

Question 30

How does allergic response begin?

Answer 30

When IgE crosslinks with allergen on surface of a mast cell

Question 31

What type of immunodeficiency is inherited?

Answer 31

Primary

Question 32

What type of immunodeficiency is acquired?

Answer 32

Secondary