Kidneys

Question 1

What are the three distinct areas of the kidneys?

Answer 1

Outer region
Inner region
Innermost draining region

Question 2

What is the organ of the kidney outer region?

Answer 2

Renal cortex

Question 3

What is the organ in the inner region of the kidney?

Answer 3

Renal medulla

Question 4

What organs make up for the innermost draining region of the kidney?

Answer 4

Minor and major calyx, renal pelvis

Question 5

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 5

The nephron

Question 6

List the basic structures of the nephron.

Answer 6

Glomerulus in bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Henle’s loop
Collecting duct
Distant convoluted tubule 
Afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 7

These are a specialized capillary network that are supported by a unique basement membrane.

Answer 7

Glomerulus

Question 8

What is the function of the glomerulus?

Answer 8

To filter excess fluid and waste products out of the blood into the urine collecting tubules.

Question 9

What is the main barrier between urine and blood?

Answer 9

The basement membrane

Question 10

This unit is the beginning of the tubule system. It encases the glomerulus.

Answer 10

Bowman’s capsule

Question 11

What is the tubular function of the kidneys?

Answer 11

To reabsorb certain substances back into the bloodstream

Question 12

What does the proximal tubules does?

Answer 12

Reabsorbs ~75% of water and sodium, 95% of glucose, bicarbonate, aa, ions and small molecules.

Question 13

What is the most metabolically active component of the kidney?

Answer 13

The proximal convoluted tubule

Question 14

The proximal tubules also put into urine substances like what?

Answer 14

Urea
Ammonia
Potassium
Hydrogen

Question 15

What does the distal tubule do?

Answer 15

Reabsorbs salt, water, bicarbonate and eliminates uric acid, ammonia, hydrogen

Question 16

Under the control of what two hormones does the distal tubule function?

Answer 16

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Aldosterone

Question 17

What component of the nephron contains the macula densa for Rene in production?

Answer 17

Distal tubules

Question 18

Parts of this cells found in the kidney distal tubules is used in part to synthesize renin

Answer 18

Macula densa

Question 19

What is renin?

Answer 19

It is a hormone that controls blood pressure

Question 20

When is renin made by the macula densa?

Answer 20

When decreased blood pressure has been detected

Question 21

What is another name for ADH?

Answer 21

Vasopressin

Question 22

Where is ADH made?

Answer 22

In the brain

Question 23

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 23

ADH helps in regulating urine output through water volume only

Question 24

How does ADH regulates a decrease in blood volume?

Answer 24

A decrease in blood volume results in an increased blood osmolality which will increase ADH and cause a decrease in urine output, increasing blood volume

Question 25

Where is aldosterone made?

Answer 25

In the adrenal gland

Question 26

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 26

Regulate sodium and potassium

Question 27

How does aldosterone regulate sodium and potassium?

Answer 27

Increased aldosterone reduces sodium excretion and increases potassium excretion resulting in increased serum sodium and decreased serum potassium

Question 28

What’sthe route of the RAAS in fixing a decrease in blood pressure/volume?

Answer 28

Decreased BP/BP - increased renin production - increased angiotensinogen production- increased angiotensin II production - vasoconstriction- increased BP/BV

Question 29

What step is modified in the RAAS in increasing BP/BV with aldosterone production?

Answer 29

Vasoconstriction is modified with increased aldosterone production - sodium reabsorption then increased BP/BV