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Urinary - Conditions > Kidney, Ureter and Bladder Stones > Flashcards

Kidney, Ureter and Bladder Stones Flashcards

1
Q

what are most stones made of

A

calcium oxalate

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2
Q

which of the following is not a type of renal stone:

a. triple phosphate
b. uric acid
c. cystine
d. magnesium phosphate
e. calcium oxalate

A

d. magnesium phosphate

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3
Q

presentation of a kidney stone

A 
unilateral flank pain
renal colic (pain radiates to groin)
nausea and vomiting
haematuria
dysuria
UTI
pyrexic
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4
Q

true/false kidney stone causes pyrexia

A

true

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5
Q

bloods investigation in a kidney stone

A

FBC, U&Es, creatinine, parathyroid hormone, calcium, albumin, urate

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6
Q

scans that can show stones

A

USS, X-Ray, IVU, CT

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7
Q

urine tests in stones

A

urine analysis, culture and 24 hour collection

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8
Q

true/false the majority of stones will pass spontaneously in 1-3 weeks

A

true - but 1 in 5 will not

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9
Q

general management of stones

A

NSAIDs and antiemetics

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10
Q

ways of surgically removing a stone

A

open nephrolithotomy/ureterolithotomy
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
EWSL
Ureteroscopy (to break up with a laser)

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11
Q

special surgical treatment for ureteric stones

A

JJ stent insertion

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12
Q

when is open surgery appropriate

A

when EWSL and ureteroscopy fails

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13
Q

major complications from a ureteroscopy

A

ureteric perforation
ureteral necrosis
stricure formation

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14
Q

what happens in a ureteroscopy

A

endoscope up urethra then into ureter. If the stone is small enough it is retrieved with a little basket. If it’s larger then laser to break it up

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15
Q

true/false a pneumothorax can result from a percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

true

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16
Q

true/false an acute UTI contraindicated a percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

true - as does obesity, uncorrected coagulopathy and nephritic fibrosis

17
Q

what is the 1st line treatment for kidney stones

A

ESWL

18
Q

what is ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

19
Q

complication of kidney stonesy

A

complete blockage causing irreversibl renal damage

pyelonephritis

20
Q

kidney stones are more common in men/women

A

men 3:1

21
Q

true/false peak incidence in men is 30 years

A

true

22
Q

true/false peak incidence in women in 40 years old

A

false - bimodal at 35 and 55 years

23
Q

what hormone do you check in suspected stones

A

parathyroid - could cause increases calcium levels and stone formation

Urinary - Conditions (13 decks)

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